Twelve research studies show a strong correlation between low levels of education and poverty. A ...

Twelve research studies show a strong correlation between low levels of education and poverty. A social scientist declares that the cure for poverty is in free education for all of the children of the poor.
 
  What are valid arguments against this declaration? (Select all that apply.)
  a. The scientist believes that a low level of education, in and of itself, causes poverty, but no study has demonstrated this.
  b. It is possible that low levels of education cause Item B, and Item B causes poverty.
  c. It is possible that multigenerational poverty causes lower levels of education.
  d. It is possible that low levels of education and poverty are both caused by social injustice.
  e. Twelve correlational research studies are not enough to demonstrate cause: at least 50 studies of 100 subjects each would be required for this.