“Statistics show that women earn approximately 77 percent of the income earned b

This does not prove sex discrimination. This more, perhaps labour discrimination, which is the valuation in the market place of personal characteristics of the worker that are unrelated to worker productivity. It can be thus understood as the differentiation of workers based on characteristics such as color, race, origin, gender etc. that can be classified as factors that do not have a role in determining his or her productivity. There are multiple dimensions that need to be considered when discussing such discrimination. The most obvious is that the group discriminated against is paid less for identical jobs. This is known as wage discrimination and is the most prevalent form of discrimination. The attempt to combat such a form of discrimination can be seen in increasing equal pay legislation in different countries.

Would the circular flow of economic activity contract if the government spends more than in taxes?
Why is it important to convert the GDP and national income to constant dollar value when using them as measures of economic welfare?
What is the difference between a cyclical fluctuation and a trend?