Composite measures are frequently used in criminal justice research for all of the following reasons ...

Composite measures are frequently used in criminal justice research for all of the following reasons except.
 
  a. In some cases, the researcher is unable to develop single indicators of complex concepts.
  b. The researcher may desire to use a rather refined ordinal measure of a variable, arranging cases in several ordinal categories from very low to very high on a variable.
  c. Indexes and scales are efficient devices for data analysis.
  d. The researcher is seeking a method for measuring disorder and composite measures are the only allowable measure.