Which of the following is an example of an ethnophaulism?

Which of the following is an example of an ethnophaulism?
 
  a. An employer refuses to hire a qualified person because she has to care for her kids and would not be able to perform well.
  b. A job applicant thinks he is refused employment because he is not Black.
  c. A teacher tells Simon that, for someone belonging to a minority community, he is doing well in school.
  d. Lucy is denied a pay raise on the basis of her gender.

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The sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed is known as ________.
 
  a. racial formation
  b. ethnocentrism
  c. stratification
  d. racial labeling