If we can establish that variable X comes before variable Q in time, then we can say:
A) variable X is a cause of variable Q.
B)variable X is not a cause of variable Q.
C)variable Q is a cause of variable X.
D) variable Q is not a cause of variable X.
The 55-mph speed limit was introduced in the U.S. in 1973. Shortly thereafter the number of auto accidents declined. We can conclude that:
A) the reduced speed limit caused the decline in auto accidents.
B)the reduced speed limit may have caused the decline in the number of auto accidents.
C)the reduced speed limit and the number of auto accidents are causally related.
D) the reduced speed limit had nothing to do with the decline in auto accidents.
Which of the following statement best describes the criteria for inferring or causality?
A) A relationship must exist between variables.
B)One variable must precede the other in time.
C)A third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables.
D) A relationship must exist between two variables, with the cause preceding the effect in time, and the relationship cannot be explained away by the influence of a third variable.
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