Guilty knowledge occurs when : (Multiple Choice)

Guilty knowledge occurs when
 
  A) a person with formal or informal authority controls access to the field setting.
  B) a researcher becomes over involved in the field setting and loses objectivity or the role of researcher to
  become a complete participant.
  C) members tell the researcher untruths to purposely mislead or give a false view.
  D) a researcher learns about secret illicit or illegal activities during the course of conducting field research.

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Which of the following is LEAST suited to providing clear evidence about a CAUSAL relationship between
  two variables?
 
  A) posttest only control group design B) Solomon four-group design
  C) classical experimental design D) one-shot case study

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If we can establish that variable X comes before variable Q in time, then we can definitely say:
 
  A) variable X is a cause of variable Q. B) variable Q is not a cause of variable X.
  C) variable Q is a cause of variable X. D) variable X is not a cause of variable Q.