In research that investigates differences in behavior or thought across cultures, we cannot identify causes of differences because
a. there are many uncontrolled variables that may be the cause of differences.
b. studies across cultures typically involve manipulated variables.
c. it is not possible to use subject or participant variables in such studies.
d. levels of internal and external validity tend to vary across studies.
A researcher who believes in a certain theory may unintentionally record behaviors that provide support for the theory. This effect is called
a. observer bias.
b. observer drift.
c. behavioral checking.
d. theoretical reactivity.
445 One way to reduce the effects of observer bias is to create
a. one/zero sampling.
b. behavior checklists.
c. continuous real-time measurement.
d. particularistic research.
An advantage of an interrupted time series design is that it permits
a. the researcher to make baseline measurements.
b. the researcher to collect data without active manipulation of an independent variable.
c. eliminates the history threat to internal validity because of the multiple measurements.
d. a design that combines counterbalancing to offset the possibility of asymmetric transfer.
If you were planning a study that would compare students who were Democrats and Republicans according their degree of support for foreign military action after they were exposed to political advertisements, you could measure their support before
their exposure to the messages. Such a study would involve what design?
a. static-group comparison design.
b. one-group pretest-posttest design.
c. nonequivalent control group design.
d. time series design.
If people are observed by a researcher who has joined their organization in order to be able to study them, the researcher must
a. consider the possibility that there may be an invasion of privacy even if the people engage in lawful public behavior.
b. get informed consent for studying any behavior members engage in while part of the group.
c. get approval from an Institutional Review Board even if the people in the group know they are being observed.
d. consider whether deceiving participants about his or her membership in the group might put group members at risk if they discovered that a friendship has been based on deception.
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