The Hawthorne effect refers to the fact that
a. people act differently than normal in an artificial, laboratory setting.
b. if people become involved in a research task, the task takes on experimental realism.
c. extraneous variables can result in a reduction in external validity.
d. people want to cooperate with a researcher and produce desirable results when being studied.
Goldenberg et al. (1999) discovered that highly neurotic people tend to associate sex with death. When they compared high and low neurotic people, they were using
a. a time series design.
b. a quasi-experimental variable.
c. a within subjects design.
d. asymmetric transfer.
People often change their behavior when they know they are being observed in a scientific study, a phenomenon called
a. mundane realism.
b. experimental realism.
c. the Hawthorne effect.
d. external validation.
Quasi-experiments do not lend themselves to causal conclusions because they have potential problems with
a. threats to internal validity.
b. a high likelihood of asymmetric transfer.
c. order and sequence effects.
d. static-group comparisons.
The research that suggested that listening to Mozart's music could enhance intelligence was shown not to be reliable
a. because other researchers tried to replicate the results, but couldn't.
b. because the details of the research report were not sufficient for other researchers to identify participant behaviors.
c. except among people with considerable knowledge of music.
d. after the researchers identified problems with their methodology.
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