Electronic monitoring affords authorities the opportunity to keep close tabson low-level offenders. ...

a

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No protection exists under the Fourth Amendment for those searches conducted by third parties acting independently absent all direction and supervision from the government. This issue is increasingly common in the courts as more and more cases are brought to the attention of law enforcement via computer repair technicians, network administrators, and systems analysts.Burdeau v. McDowell and United States v. Pervaz are two cases related to this finding. The Court further ruled that the application of the Fourth Amendment in third-party origination cases hinges on a variety of factors like whether the government was involved in any part of the search, the government's intent and degree of control over the search and the private party, and the extent to which the private party aims to help the government or serve its own interests.

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England

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diverse backgrounds

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State court systems grew at a fast pace, and this caused confusion since many jurisdictions overlapped.
Court unification was concerned with simplifying state court structures and centralizing control over state jurisdiction. Consolidation of state's trial courts, granting state supreme court procedural authority, and unifying budgets and state funding were also key elements in the unification process.