In several arrest cases, the courts have considered what sources of information meetthe probable ...

In several arrest cases, the courts have considered what sources of information meetthe probable cause burden. Three main sources of information have been examined. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
 
  a. Informants and other third parties
  b. Undercover agent information
  c. Firsthand knowledge
  d. Information thatturns out, after the fact, to be mistaken but is reasonably relied on

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To minimize due process problems with photo arrays, several photographs of like individuals should be shown to the witness or victim so as to minimize unnecessary _______.
 
  Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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When is a probable cause hearingunnecessary?
 
  a. Arrests with a warrant
  b. Warrantless arrests
  c. Terry stops
   d. Serious felony cases

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Suspects can be forced to participate in lineups because lineups exhibit _______characteristics, not testimonial evidence.
 
  Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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The Supreme Court has also clearly stated that the Fourteenth Amendments due process clause bears on the constitutionality of _______procedures.
 
  Fill in the blank(s) with correct word