If the hypothesis is a one-tailed hypothesis, how can the experimenter determine whether the results are in the correct direction for a pretest posttest design? The experimenter checks the _____.
a. absolute value of the obtained t c. pretest and posttest means
b. sign of the obtained t d. all of these
In order to find the critical value of t in the table, we need to know _____.
a. whether the hypothesis is one-tailed or two-tailed
b. alpha
c. the degrees of freedom
d. all of these
In the related measures t test, the degrees of freedom equals _____.
a. N - 2 c. n1 + n2
b. N - 1 d. n1 + n2 - 2
In the related measures t test, N is always equal to the number of _____.
a. participants c. difference scores
b. groups d. treatments
In order to use the related measures t test, the participants are must be related. This means that they are _____.
a. matched c. the same people
b. biologically related d. any of these
In the t test for related samples, the data should be _____.
a. nominal or ordinal c. ratio
b. interval d. b or c
In the pretest posttest design the data from the two measures (pretest and posttest) are _____.
a. independent c. identical
b. related d. none of these
In order to decrease the likelihood that history effects will occur in an experiment, one thing the experimenter can do when using a pretest posttest design is to _____.
a. have the treatment as similar to the pretest and posttest conditions as possible
b. eliminate the pretest
c. eliminate the posttest
d. use the same pretest and posttest
An experimenter wants to test participants' emotional responses to telling lies. She compares the galvanic skin responses of participants while telling the truth (pretest) and while telling lies (posttest). She probably used the galvanic skin response rather than a Likert scale to measure emotional responses because the galvanic skin response is not as likely to produce _____ effects.
a. treatment c. history
b. maturation d. testing
An experimenter wants to give a pretest of three short items to participants, briefly change the lighting conditions in the room as a treatment, and then give a posttest of three short items. The items on the posttest should be different items than the ones on the pretest in order to prevent _____ effects.
a. history c. testing
b. treatment d. maturation
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