Chris' mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store. What concept of operant conditioning is at work here?
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
The major limitation of one-way experimental designs is that they only allow researchers to look at one ______ at a time.
A) control group
B) dependent variable
C) independent variable
D) type of participant
Punishment:
a. decreases the frequency of a behavior.
b. works as well as reinforcements.
c. is always physical, such as spanking.
d. is considered the best method of childrearing.
The simplest possible kind of true experiment is:
A) a one-group design
B) a two-groups design
C) a one-way design
D) a 2 x 2 factorial design
Extinction of learning occurs:
a. from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement.
b. when classically conditioned stimuli are removed.
c. with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues.
d. never - once something is learned it cannot be unlearned.
Which is NOT an advantage that quasi-experiments have over laboratory experiments?
A) They tend to be better at proving causality.
B) They can determine if effects observed in the laboratory generalize to the real world.
C) They can test theoretically derived hypotheses that cannot be studied in the lab.
D) They have some methodological advantages over laboratory experiments.
Operant conditioning involves changing behavior as a result of:
a. innate processes. c. reinforcements or punishments.
b. mental evaluation of a situation. d. pairing two stimuli to produce a response.
Pelham, Mirenberg, and Jones (2002) used archival records to document that the name letter effect seems to influence:
A) people's use of their own names in business advertisements
B) the specific brand names (e.g., Coke vs. Pepsi) that people purchase
C) the names people give their children
D) the city or state in which people choose to live
Negative reinforcement is:
a. when one eliminates an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.
b. when one decreases an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired.
c. when one increases a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.
d. the same as punishment.
A __________design uses dependent measures taken at multiple points in time to establish (a) the equivalence of two or more groups prior to a quasi-manipulation. Doing so allows researchers to see the precise point at which the two groups may begin to differ.
A) retrospective
B) temporal
C) time-series
D) prospective
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