A witness identifies Kathy as the perpetrator of a crime that Kathy did not commit. The witness saw Kathy's picture in a photo lineup of suspects, though, and has mistakenly replaced the face of the actual criminal with Kathy's face when remembering the crime. This is an example of
A. the Fisher effect.
B. projective memory.
C. unconscious transference.
D. Holmes' law.
A field study that recorded interviews by British police officers found that ________ questions was leading.
A. 1/3
B. 1/4
C. 1/5
D. 1/6
Which of the following is NOT an error which is almost universally committed by police officers when interviewing witnesses and victims?
A. Asking too many short-answer questions
B. Allowing the witness to speak too much and ramble
C. Using an inappropriate sequence in asking questions
D. Interrupting the witness
What happened in the case involving Father Bernard Pagano?
A. Father Pagano identified a criminal based primarily on his voice, which he had heard during a confession at church.
B. Father Pagano organized a neighborhood search to find the killer of a 10-year-old boy; the killer was a member of his congregation.
C. Father Pagano was sentenced to 25 years in prison for child molestation. His victim positively identified him 10 years after the crime.
D. Father Pagano was identified by victims and prosecuted for armed robbery but charges were dismissed when the true criminal came forward.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of interviews carried out by police officers?
A. The use of leading, informative questions
B. The use of brief, direct questions
C. The use of little or no assistance in encouraging eyewitnesses' recollections
D. A willingness to let victims answer at length without interruption
John Demjanjuk, an accused Nazi war criminal, was
A. released when eyewitness testimony exonerated him.
B. executed in Israel based on the testimony of concentration-camp survivors.
C. convicted but later released based on questionable police procedures.
D. a Jewish concentration-camp survivor who was mistakenly identified as a guard because witnesses remembered him being at the camp.
In the Steve Titus case, which of the following is true?
A. Titus, the sole witness in the case, identified the attacker of his fianc.
B. Titus was charged with a crime but the prosecution failed because there were no eyewitnesses.
C. An innocent man had previously been convicted of a crime. The real perpetrator, Steve Titus, was found only after an eyewitness identified him.
D. Steve Titus, an innocent man, was convicted based on a faulty lineup.
In Gilbert v. California, 1967 and United States v Wade, 1967 the court ruled
A. that the use of improper lineup procedures violated a defendant's constitutional rights.
B. that the defendant had a right to a defense attorney during a lineup.
C. that the lineup methods used in both cases was constitutional.
D. that lineups must involve only one eyewitness at a time.
Which of the following would NOT be recommended in conducting an eyewitness investigation?
A. Interview several witnesses together to corroborate details
B. Carefully construct interview questions upon discovering crime
C. Have interviewers who have been trained in the art of interviewing
D. Take detailed notes of both the questions asked and the answers given
Which of the following is NOT an example of unacceptable police procedure in interviewing eyewitnesses?
A. Allowing one eyewitness to overhear the responses of other eyewitnesses.
B. Taking spotty notes of witnesses' answers.
C. Only having one person interview the eyewitness.
D. Using investigators who have little training in interviewing.
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