_____are a set of two or more operations used to eliminate alternative explanations for the results of an experiment.
a. Top-down processes
b. Bottom-up processes
c. Diverging operations
d. Converging operations
Which statement accurately describes what is evaluated by differential research?
a. differences between treatment conditions using the same group of participants in all treatments
b. differences between treatment conditions using a separate group of participants for each treatment
c. differences in scores before versus after a treatment
d. differences in scores between preexisting groups of participants
If respondents may have issues with literacy, a(n) ____ is preferable.
a. group questionnaire
b. personal interview
c. mail questionnaire
d. drop-off survey
The term phenomenological experience refers to
a. the experience of an unusual event.
b. our internal awareness of the external world.
c. our verbal reports of our internal states.
d. perceiving an event from the viewpoint of another person.
A problem with nonequivalent group designs is that any differences found could be explained by differences in ____.
a. participant characteristics
b. history
c. instrumentation
d. testing effects
If a survey may need on-the-spot modifications, a(n) ____ is preferable.
a. group questionnaire
b. phone interview
c. mail questionnaire
d. e-mail questionnaire
Which of the following is an example of evidence showing that non-perceptual processes play a role in perception?
a. Perception of the steepness of a hill increases when the participants are wearing heavy backpacks.
b. A patient with blindsight (D.B.) experiences negative afterimages.
c. Texture gradients influence our perception of depth.
d. Removal of a portion of the right visual cortex results in a scotoma.
Which threat occurs in nonequivalent group designs because the groups may have different participant characteristics?
a. history effects
b. instrumentation effects
c. regression toward the mean
d. assignment bias
If a survey has very long response categories, a(n) ____ is preferable.
a. group questionnaire
b. phone interview
c. focus group
d. personal interview
Which of the following CANNOT be used to verify the accuracy of verbal reports in a perception experiment?
a. reaction time
b. measuring objective responses that depend on accurate perception of the stimulus
c. using objectively verifiable stimuli (e.g., strings of letters presented on a tachistoscope)
d. confidence ratings made by the observers
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