Which of the following is NOT a reason that native-born white women became the major source of labor ...

Which of the following is NOT a reason that native-born white women became the major source of labor supply for clerical jobs in this century?
 
  a. willingness to accept lower pay than men
  b. the high status and high pay of clerical work relative to factory and service work
  c. they already possessed many of the necessary skills because of increasingly widespread secondary education
  d. they generally have better written language skills than men, and thus are better suited to the job
  e. immigrants and minority women experienced discrimination in hiring for clerical jobs.

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According to the text, the future of clerical work appears:
 
  a. optimistic.
  b. pessimistic.
  c. routinized.
  d. rationalized.
  e. ambiguous.