The PaCO2 will decrease when:
A. alveolar ventilation and CO2 production are increased, and dead space is increased
B. alveolar ventilation is decreased, CO2 production is unchanged, and dead space is increased
C. alveolar ventilation is increased, and CO2 production and dead space are decreased
D. both alveolar ventilation and CO2 production are decreased, and dead space is increased
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Question 2) At a respiratory rate of 15 breaths per minute, a tidal volume of 500 mL, and an anatomical dead space of 150 mL, what is the minute ventilation?
A. 2.25 L/minute
B. 5.25 L/minute
C. 7.50 L/minute
D. 9.75 L/minute
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Question 3) Compared to at rest in the upright position, pulmonary blood flow when upright during exercise in normal individuals is:
A. distributed more to the bottom of the lung than to the top
B. distributed more to the top of the lung than to the bottom
C. distributed essentially evenly between the top and the bottom of the lung
D. is too highly variable to be determined
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Question 4) A twofold increase in the blood flow through a pulmonary arteriole is associated with:
A. no significant change in pulmonary vascular resistance
B. a twofold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
C. a fourfold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
D. a fifteenfold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
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Question 5) Which of the following does NOT directly affect the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen?
A. PaCO2
B. atmospheric pressure
C. tidal volume
D. inspired oxygen fraction
E. oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production (R)
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Question 6) Common pulmonary function abnormalities in individuals with moderate restrictive lung disease include:
A. normal FEV1, normal expiratory flow rates, normal RV/TLC ratio
B. increased FEV1, increased expiratory flow rates, increased RV/TLC ratio
C. decreased FEV1, decreased expiratory flow rates, increased RV/TLC ratio
D. decreased FEV1, decreased expiratory flow rates, decreased RV/TLC ratio
E. decreased FEV1, normal expiratory flow rates, increased RV/TLC ratio
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Question 7) Common pulmonary function abnormalities in individuals with moderate obstructive pulmonary disease include:
A. normal FEV1, normal expiratory flow rates, normal RV/TLC ratio
B. increased FEV1, increased expiratory flow rates, increased RV/TLC ratio
C. decreased FEV1, decreased expiratory flow rates, increased RV/TLC ratio
D. decreased FEV1, decreased expiratory flow rates, decreased RV/TLC ratio
E. decreased FEV1, normal expiratory flow rates, increased RV/TLC ratio
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Question 8) Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with a decrease in lung compliance. Individuals with pulmonary fibrosis will:
A. have a higher airway resistance than individuals with normal lungs
B require a higher transpulmonary (translung) pressure for a change in lung volume compared to individuals with normal lungs
C. have a shift in their oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
D. have an increase in dead space
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Question 9) When alveolar ventilation (Va) is reduced from 5 L/min to 2.5 L/min, the PaCO2 will go from 40 mm Hg to:
A. 20 mm Hg
B. 60 mm Hg
C. 80 mm Hg
D. 100 mm Hg
E. 250 mm Hg
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Question 10) The flow resistance across a set of airways is lowest under which of the following conditions?
A. Airway radius is large and airways are in series.
B. Airway radius is large and airways are in parallel.
C. Airway radius is small and airways are in series.
D. Airway radius is small and airways are in parallel.
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