What are endogenous metabolites and exogenous toxins? What will be an ideal ...

1)  Endogenous metabolites are substances that are produced as a normal part of metabolism. Exogenous toxins are introduced from the outside, such as pollution, drugs, and chemicals found in food and water. Regardless of the source, many metabolites and toxins are processed for removal by the liver.

2)  Stigmata of liver disease refers to signs and symptoms related to liver disease.
Examples: hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, edema, fluid overload, ascites, anasarca, varices, confusion, lethargy, purpura, pruritus, clay-colored stools, hematochezia, hematemesis, icterus, jaundice

3)  Seroconversion means there is a change in antibody status from negative to positive (ie, absent to present).
Antibodies detected in the patient's blood that are directed against a protein found on the surface of the hepatitis B virus indicate the patient is recovering or recovered from an infection with hepatitis B virus.

4)  A serological diagnosis is one that is determined by measuring antigen and/or antibody levels in the serum. The actual infectious agent is not measured, but rather the immune system's response to an infectious agent is detected, indicating the patient is currently infected, convalescing, or recovered.

5)  TPN is nutrition administered entirely by a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, usually through a central line.

6)  Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown. Lysed red cells (hemolysis) release hemoglobin into the blood stream. Hemoglobin is very quickly converted to bilirubin while still in the bloodstream. If hemolysis is severe, bilirubin will accumulate faster than the liver can clear it.

7)  Sensitivity refers to the ability to detect a given condition or disease. This term describes how likely the test is to pick up all occurrences of the disease. Specificity refers to the ability to distinguish a disease from other diseases, or the ability to detect individuals without the condition or disease.

8)  A thermostat maintains a set temperature by turning the system on and off in response to the surrounding temperature. The thyroid responds to the level of TSH in the same way a thermostat responds to changes in temperature. The thyroid is charged with maintaining a set metabolic rate in order to maintain body temperature. TSH levels increase in order to induce the thyroid to increase the metabolic rate. If the thyroid fails to respond adequately, TSH continues to rise. Too little thyroid hormone causes TSH levels to rise in an attempt to prompt the thyroid gland for more thyroid hormone.

9)  1. estrogen priming protocol
2. (correct) left ventricular outflow velocity

10)  Incorrect:
hematocrit
hemoglobin
sodium
potassium

(correct: bilirubin and chloride)

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