Explain the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric ulcers caused by Heli

H. pylori can be spread either by person-to-person contact or by ingesting contaminated food or water. The pathogen colonizes the non-acidic gastric mucus layer of the stomach, where it produces a cytotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and urease, which cause inflammation, tissue destruction, and ulceration. Chronic infection of H. pylori can lead to gastric ulcer formation. A clinical diagnostic such as the in vivo detection of urease by ingestion of 13C urea and the presence of 13CO2 likely indicates H. pylori presence, however identification of the pathogen from a gastric ulcer biopsy is most definitive. A two-week regimen combining an antibacterial compound (e.g., metranidazole), an antibiotic (e.g., tetracycline), and an antacid generally kill the pathogen.