The various ways to manipulate and summarize numbers that represent data from a research project is ...

The various ways to manipulate and summarize numbers that represent data from a research project is called ______________.
 
  a. data calculations
  b. statistics
  c. mathematical formulations
  d. coding
  e. histograms

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(Question #2) Which of the following is an example of a quality-of-life offense?
 
  A. Prostitution
  B. Aggressive begging
  C. Only A is correct
  D. A and B are correct

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(Question #3) It is likely that the universalistic perspective is tied to
 
  A) the traditional, organizational factors that have pervaded most police agencies.
  B) the fact that most police officers have been white males.
  C) the initial rise of law enforcement in the United States in the Wild West.
  D) the influence of political factors on law enforcement agencies.