The transcontinental railroads were built and owned by private companies but financed by the public (with one exception, James J. Hill's Great Northern). The sparseness of population between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon (Washington State after 1889) made it impossible to attract private investors to railroads connecting the East and West. Construction was too expensive. Building a mile of track meant bedding 3,000 ties in gravel and attaching 400 rails to them by driving 12,000 spikes. Having built that mile in Utah or Nevada, a railroader had nothing to look forward to but hundreds more miles of scarcely inhabited desert mountains. With no customers along the way, there would be no profits; without profits, no investors. The federal government had political and military interests in binding the Pacific Coast to the rest of the Union, and, in its land, the The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 granted to two companies, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific (CP), a right of way 200 feet wide between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. For each mile of track that the companies built, they were to receive, on either side of the tracts, 10 alternate sections (square miles) of the public domain. The result was a belt of land 40 miles wide, laid out like a checkerboard on which the UP and the CP owned half the squares. The railroads sold the land to provide the money for construction and created customers in the buyers. Or they used their vast real estate as collateral against which to borrow cash from banks. In addition, depending on the terrain, the government lent the two companies between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track at bargain interest rates. According to the passage, the railroads were able to obtain construction funds by
a. selling railroad stocks to private investors.
b. giving the construction workers a share of the profits.
c. applying for government grants.
d. selling land or getting low interest government loans.
Ques. 2The transcontinental railroads were built and owned by private companies but financed by the public (with one exception, James J. Hill's Great Northern). The sparseness of population between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon (Washington State after 1889) made it impossible to attract private investors to railroads connecting the East and West. Construction was too expensive. Building a mile of track meant bedding 3,000 ties in gravel and attaching 400 rails to them by driving 12,000 spikes. Having built that mile in Utah or Nevada, a railroader had nothing to look forward to but hundreds more miles of scarcely inhabited desert mountains. With no customers along the way, there would be no profits; without profits, no investors. The federal government had political and military interests in binding the Pacific Coast to the rest of the Union, and, in its land, the The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 granted to two companies, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific (CP), a right of way 200 feet wide between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. For each mile of track that the companies built, they were to receive, on either side of the tracts, 10 alternate sections (square miles) of the public domain. The result was a belt of land 40 miles wide, laid out like a checkerboard on which the UP and the CP owned half the squares. The railroads sold the land to provide the money for construction and created customers in the buyers. Or they used their vast real estate as collateral against which to borrow cash from banks. In addition, depending on the terrain, the government lent the two companies between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track at bargain interest rates. According to the passage, the right of way granted to the railroad companies was
a. 200 feet wide.
b. 40 miles wide.
c. 10 miles wide.
d. 100 feet wide.
Ques. 3The transcontinental railroads were built and owned by private companies but financed by the public (with one exception, James J. Hill's Great Northern). The sparseness of population between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon (Washington State after 1889) made it impossible to attract private investors to railroads connecting the East and West. Construction was too expensive. Building a mile of track meant bedding 3,000 ties in gravel and attaching 400 rails to them by driving 12,000 spikes. Having built that mile in Utah or Nevada, a railroader had nothing to look forward to but hundreds more miles of scarcely inhabited desert mountains. With no customers along the way, there would be no profits; without profits, no investors. The federal government had political and military interests in binding the Pacific Coast to the rest of the Union, and, in its land, the The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 granted to two companies, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific (CP), a right of way 200 feet wide between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. For each mile of track that the companies built, they were to receive, on either side of the tracts, 10 alternate sections (square miles) of the public domain. The result was a belt of land 40 miles wide, laid out like a checkerboard on which the UP and the CP owned half the squares. The railroads sold the land to provide the money for construction and created customers in the buyers. Or they used their vast real estate as collateral against which to borrow cash from banks. In addition, depending on the terrain, the government lent the two companies between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track at bargain interest rates. According to the passage, the transcontinental railroad was built between
a. California and Oregon.
b. California and Washington.
c. Utah and Nevada. d. California and Nebraska.
Ques. 4The transcontinental railroads were built and owned by private companies but financed by the public (with one exception, James J. Hill's Great Northern). The sparseness of population between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon (Washington State after 1889) made it impossible to attract private investors to railroads connecting the East and West. Construction was too expensive. Building a mile of track meant bedding 3,000 ties in gravel and attaching 400 rails to them by driving 12,000 spikes. Having built that mile in Utah or Nevada, a railroader had nothing to look forward to but hundreds more miles of scarcely inhabited desert mountains. With no customers along the way, there would be no profits; without profits, no investors. The federal government had political and military interests in binding the Pacific Coast to the rest of the Union, and, in its land, the The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 granted to two companies, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific (CP), a right of way 200 feet wide between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. For each mile of track that the companies built, they were to receive, on either side of the tracts, 10 alternate sections (square miles) of the public domain. The result was a belt of land 40 miles wide, laid out like a checkerboard on which the UP and the CP owned half the squares. The railroads sold the land to provide the money for construction and created customers in the buyers. Or they used their vast real estate as collateral against which to borrow cash from banks. In addition, depending on the terrain, the government lent the two companies between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track at bargain interest rates. In the second paragraph, the term public domain means
a. inherited property.
b. land owned by the government.
c. unusable land. d. uncharted territory.
Ques. 5The transcontinental railroads were built and owned by private companies but financed by the public (with one exception, James J. Hill's Great Northern). The sparseness of population between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon (Washington State after 1889) made it impossible to attract private investors to railroads connecting the East and West. Construction was too expensive. Building a mile of track meant bedding 3,000 ties in gravel and attaching 400 rails to them by driving 12,000 spikes. Having built that mile in Utah or Nevada, a railroader had nothing to look forward to but hundreds more miles of scarcely inhabited desert mountains. With no customers along the way, there would be no profits; without profits, no investors. The federal government had political and military interests in binding the Pacific Coast to the rest of the Union, and, in its land, the The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 granted to two companies, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific (CP), a right of way 200 feet wide between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. For each mile of track that the companies built, they were to receive, on either side of the tracts, 10 alternate sections (square miles) of the public domain. The result was a belt of land 40 miles wide, laid out like a checkerboard on which the UP and the CP owned half the squares. The railroads sold the land to provide the money for construction and created customers in the buyers. Or they used their vast real estate as collateral against which to borrow cash from banks. In addition, depending on the terrain, the government lent the two companies between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track at bargain interest rates. In the first paragraph, the word sparseness means
a. wealth.
b. thinness.
c. density.
d. wildness.
Ques. 6The transcontinental railroads were built and owned by private companies but financed by the public (with one exception, James J. Hill's Great Northern). The sparseness of population between the Mississippi Valley and California and Oregon (Washington State after 1889) made it impossible to attract private investors to railroads connecting the East and West. Construction was too expensive. Building a mile of track meant bedding 3,000 ties in gravel and attaching 400 rails to them by driving 12,000 spikes. Having built that mile in Utah or Nevada, a railroader had nothing to look forward to but hundreds more miles of scarcely inhabited desert mountains. With no customers along the way, there would be no profits; without profits, no investors. The federal government had political and military interests in binding the Pacific Coast to the rest of the Union, and, in its land, the The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 granted to two companies, the Union Pacific (UP) and the Central Pacific (CP), a right of way 200 feet wide between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California. For each mile of track that the companies built, they were to receive, on either side of the tracts, 10 alternate sections (square miles) of the public domain. The result was a belt of land 40 miles wide, laid out like a checkerboard on which the UP and the CP owned half the squares. The railroads sold the land to provide the money for construction and created customers in the buyers. Or they used their vast real estate as collateral against which to borrow cash from banks. In addition, depending on the terrain, the government lent the two companies between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track at bargain interest rates. The main idea of the passage is
a. construction of the transcontinental railroads was extremely expensive.
b. the transcontinental railroads took many years to complete.
c. the transcontinental railroads were built by private companies but paid for bythe public. d. the transcontinental railroads were built by two companies, the Union Pacificand the Central Pacific.
Ques. 7Research has shown that teacher-student interaction differs according to the gender of the student (the gender of the teacher does not seem to matter), although most teachers are unaware of any inequities. Studies consistently show that boys have more interventions with teachers than do girls. For example, it has been found that teachers are more responsive to the disruptive behavior of boys than girls and more likely to reprimand boys. When children request attention, teachers generally respond to boys with instructions and to girls with nurturance. In addition, girls receive more attention when they are physically close to the teacher, whereas boys are given attention at a distance. It has also been found that the feedback received by boys and by girls on the intellectual quality of their work differs. For example, boys receive considerable criticism for failing to obey the rules, whereas girls receive criticism related to their performance. Boys attribute their failure to do well to lack of effort, whereas girls attribute it to a lack of ability. Do some girls, then, give up trying to succeed when they reach high school due to the responses their elementary teachers have given them? It is well established that girls generally perform better academically than boys in elementary school but falter in high school. For example, girls do not do as well as boys in science and math by the time they reach adolescence. In addition, girls typically take fewer advanced math classes than do boys in high school and college. Even though Title IX of the Educational Amendment Act of 1972 obliged schools to provide equal treatment for males and females, schools are still shortchanging girls according to a report by the AAUW. Although more girls are now involved in athletics, the contributions and experiences of females are not as visible as are those of males in textbooks. Furthermore, the pace of change is slow in gender-segregated enrollment patterns in vocational education, with girls primarily enrolled in office and business-training programs, and boys in programs leading to higher-paying trade jobs. Sexuality and the realities of sexual activity (pregnancy, disease, rape) are rarely discussed in schools, although, by law, sexual harassment is defined and consequences delineated. Teachers must be trained to foster assertive and affiliative skills in both girls and boys. School curricula and textbooks should be monitored for gender stereotypes and provide positive role models for both girls and boys. School curricula and textbooks should be monitored for gender stereotypes and provide positive role models for both girls and boys. The above sentence is a statement of
a. fact.
b. opinion.
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