In their study on self-affirmation, Creswell, Welch, Taylor, Sherman, Gruenwald, and Mann found that:
a. self-affirmation usually makes people feel immoral, incompetent, and inadequate.
b. people who affirmed themselves by thinking about their most important values were better able to cope with the stress generated by a challenging task.
c. stress associated with a boring task was unrelated to study participants' cortisol levels.
d. people who failed to affirm themselves were better able to cope with the stress generated by a boring and complicated task.
Question 2The measures of changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of conditions by an experimenter are called:
a. dependent variable changes.
b. independent variable changes.
c. control group manipulations.
d. independent constants.
Question 3The variables actively manipulated by the experimenter are called:
a. replication variables.
b. independent variables.
c. control variables.
d. dependent variables.
Question 4Operational definitions of concepts are important because they:
a. provide an objective and reliable basis for communication among scientists.
b. are equivalent in many respects to conceptual replication schemes.
c. allow the scientist to accumulate hard and absolute facts.
d. provide a key operation for our data and facts.
Question 5Science is an enterprise that:
a. leads to the accumulation of absolute facts.
b. is concerned with the description, explanation, prediction, and control of events.
c. leads to the accumulation of systematized knowledge based on speculation.
d. is pursued by impersonal and bias-free scientists.
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