Explain the three ways to study personality as listed by Cattell. What will be an ideal ...

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: Cattell listed three ways to study personality: bivariate, clinical, and multivariate approaches.
The bivariate approach: The bivariate, or two-variable, approach is the standard laboratory experimental method. The psychologist manipulates the independent variable to determine its effect on the subjects' behavior. This approach has also been called univariate because only one variable is studied at a time.
Cattell agreed that bivariate research is scientific, rigorous, and quantitative but argued that it dealt with only limited aspects of personality. In reality, personality is affected by many interacting variables. Also, in the typical artificial laboratory situation, significant emotional experiences cannot be manipulated and duplicated.
The clinical approach: The clinical approach, which includes case studies, dream analysis, free association, and similar techniques, is highly subjective. These methods do not yield verifiable and quantifiable data. Cattell wrote, The clinician has his heart in the right place, but perhaps we may say that he remains a little fuzzy in his head.
The multivariate approach: Cattell chose to study personality through the multivariate approach, which yields highly specific data. It involves the sophisticated statistical procedure of factor analysis. Cattell favored two forms of factor analysis: the R technique and the P technique.
The R technique involves collecting large amounts of data from a group of people. Correlations among all the scores are made to determine personality factors or traits. The P technique involves collecting a large amount of data from a single subject over a long period.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: Common trait: A trait that is possessed by everyone to some degree.
Unique trait: A trait that is possessed by one or a few persons.
Ability trait: A trait that describes our skills and how efficiently we will be able to work toward our goals.
Temperament trait: A trait that describes our general behavioral style in responding to our environment. It describes the general style and emotional tone of our behavior.
Dynamic trait: A trait that describes our motivations, interests, and ambitions.
Surface trait: A trait that shows a correlation with other traits but does not constitute a factor because it is not determined by a single source.
Source trait: It is a stable and permanent trait that is the basic factor of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis.
Constitutional trait: It is a source trait that depends on our physiological characteristics, but is not necessarily innate.
Environmental-mold trait: It is a source trait that is learned from social and environmental interactions.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: T
FEEDBACK: Cattell chose to study personality through the multivariate approach, which yields highly specific data. In reality, personality is affected by many interacting variables.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: T
FEEDBACK: The 16 PF Test is widely used to assess personality for research, clinical diagnosis, and predicting success on a job. It has been translated into some 40 languages.

(Answer to Q. 5)  ANS: F
FEEDBACK: The most notable of the tests developed by Cattell is the 16 PF Test. This test is intended for use with people 16 years of age and older and yields scores on each of the 16 scales. There are also versions of the test for use with children and with adolescents.

(Answer to Q. 6)  ANS: F
FEEDBACK: The Q-data technique relies on questionnaires. Whereas the L-data technique calls for observers to rate the subjects, the Q-data technique requires them to rate themselves.

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