An older client's serum calcium level is 8.7 mg/dL. What possible etiologies does the nurse consider for this result? (Select all that apply.)
a. Good dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D
b. Normal age-related decrease in serum calcium
c. Possible occurrence of osteoporosis or osteomalacia
d. Potential for metastatic cancer or Paget's disease
e. Recent bone fracture in a healing stage
Question 2A nursing student studying the musculoskeletal system learns about important related hormones. What information does the student learn? (Select all that apply.)
a. A lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets.
b. Calcitonin increases serum calcium levels.
c. Estrogens stimulate osteoblastic activity.
d. Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity.
e. Thyroxine stimulates estrogen release.
Question 3A student nurse learns about changes that occur to the musculoskeletal system due to aging. Which changes does this include? (Select all that apply.)
a. Bone changes lead to potential safety risks.
b. Increased bone density leads to stiffness.
c. Osteoarthritis occurs due to cartilage degeneration.
d. Osteoporosis is a universal occurrence.
e. Some muscle tissue atrophy occurs with aging.
Question 4The nurse is assessing four clients with musculoskeletal disorders. The nurse should assess the client with which laboratory result first?
a. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 108 units/L
b. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 26 units/L
c. Serum calcium: 10.2 mg/dL
d. Serum phosphorus: 2 mg/dL
Question 5A school nurse is conducting scoliosis screening. In screening the client, what technique is most appropriate?
a. Bending forward from the hips
b. Sitting upright with arms outstretched
c. Walking across the room and back
d. Walking with both eyes closed
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