The environmental lapse rate is almost always the same as the adiabatic rate. (True or false?)

Answer to #1

ANSWER: False

Answer to #2

ANSWER: False

Answer to #3

ANSWER: True

Answer to #4

ANSWER: True

Answer to #5

ANSWER: False

Answer to #6

ANSWER: False

Answer to #7

ANSWER: Clouds were first formally identified and classified early in the nineteenth century. The French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (17441829) proposed the first system for classifying clouds in 1802; however, his work did not receive wide acclaim. One year later, Luke Howard, an English naturalist, developed a cloud classification system that found general acceptance. In essence, Howard's innovative system employed Latin words to describe clouds as they appear to a ground observer. He named a sheetlike cloud stratus (Latin for layer); a puffy cloud cumulus (heap); a wispy cloud cirrus (curl of hair); and a rain cloud nimbus (violent rain). In Howard's system, these were the four basic cloud forms. Other clouds could be described by combining the basic types. For example, nimbostratus is a rain cloud that shows layering, whereas cumulonimbus is a rain cloud having pronounced vertical development. In 1887, Ralph Abercromby and Hugo Hildebrandsson expanded Howard's original system and published a classification system that, with only slight modification, is still in use today. Ten principal cloud forms are divided into four primary cloud groups. Each group is identified by the height of the cloud's base above the surface: high clouds, middle clouds, and low clouds. The fourth group contains clouds showing more vertical than horizontal development. Within each group, cloud types are identified by their appearance.

Answer to #8

ANSWER: Air temperatures aloft are much lower above polar latitudes than above subtropical latitudes. Altocumulus clouds usually contain liquid water. Over polar latitudes at 6400 m (21,000 feet), temperatures are generally low enough to freeze all liquid water. Therefore, the very cold air will produce a thin, ice crystal (cirriform) cloud. At 21,000 feet above the tropics and subtropics temperatures are not low enough to freeze all liquid water; consequently, thicker middle clouds may form at that altitude.

Answer to #9

ANSWER: Dew forms when the air cools to the dew point, the temperature at which saturation occurs. Frozen dew forms if the air temperature drops to freezing or below. The dew will freeze, becoming tiny beads of ice. Visible frost forms on cold, clear, calm mornings when the dew-point temperature is at or below freezing. When the air temperature cools to the dew point (now called the frost point) and further cooling occurs, water vapor can change directly to ice without becoming a liquid firsta process called deposition.

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