An elderly patient has developed Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea, a problem that has led to dehydration and hypokalemia.
The increased peristalsis that characterizes diarrhea has the potential to cause fluid volume deficit and electrolyte deficits because:
A) Increased peristalsis diverts energy away from the absorptive activities of the small intestine.
B) Increased peristalsis creates increased metabolic demand, which in turn depletes fluid and electrolyte reserves.
C) An increase in peristalsis means that the colon cannot absorb the substances that it normally absorbs.
D) An increase in peristalsis reduces the normal surface area of the villi and microvilli in the colon.
Question 2A 17-year-old girl with spina bifida is helping her mother prepare for her younger brother's birthday party. After blowing up a balloon, the girl develops erythema and itching around her mouth. This is likely due to which of the following?
A) A developing cold sore
B) A food allergy
C) A latex allergy
D) Facial eczema
Question 3At an office birthday party, one of the executives ate a piece of cake that he was unaware had been made with peanut oil. He begins wheezing, with an inspiratory stridor and air hunger. The occupational health nurse is called to the office.
The nurse recognizes he is suffering from which type of hypersensitivity?
A) Anaphylactic (type 1)
B) Cytotoxic (type II)
C) Immune Complex (type III)
D) Delayed type (type IV)
Question 4An individual has had a snack consisting of half a bagel with cream cheese, lox (smoked salmon), red onions, and capers.
Stimulation of the person's gastrointestinal tract has resulted in the secretion of numerous digestive enzymes into the small intestine, including trypsin. What component of this person's snack will be primarily digested by the action of trypsin?
A) The bagel
B) The lox
C) The cream cheese
D) The red onions and capers
Question 5The complex and diverse functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract require precise innervation. Which of the following statements most accurately conveys an aspect of the neurology of the GI tract?
A) Digestion and secretion are primarily results of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which is activated by food intake.
B) The majority of the lower GI tract is directly innervated by the central nervous system (CNS).
C) Sympathetic stimulation exerts an inhibitory effect, decreasing gastric secretion and motility.
D) Parasympathetic activity slows most of the secretory functions within the GI tract.
Question 6A 44-year-old man has come to the clinic with an asthma exacerbation. He tells the nurse that his father and brother also suffer from asthma, as does his 15-year-old son.
The nurse explains that this is an allergic response based on a genetic predisposition. The specific allergen initiated by this immunological mechanism is usually mediated by:
A) Immunoglobulin A
B) Immunoglobulin M
C) Immunoglobulin G
D) Immunoglobulin E
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