Three strategies to promote change in organizations were defined by Bennis, Benne, and Chin (1969). ...

Answer to #1

B
Bennis, Benne, and Chin (1969) identified three strategic approaches to promoting change in organizations. These three approaches (strategies) are: 1) power-coercive approach where resistance is expected, but the acceptance of change is not seen as being important to the group, 2) normative-reeducative approach, when the individual has a strong need for satisfactory relationships in the workplace, and 3) rational-empirical approach, which utilizes knowledge to encourage change. Driving-restraining forces come from Lewin's (1951) research into forces that can motivate or block change efforts, but are not part of the Bennis, Benne, and Chin's change model.

Answer to #2

D
Peter Senge's (1990) learning organization theory is defined on five learning disciplines but is based on the premise that organizations are open systems. Systems theory emphasizes a system as a whole with differing parts or aspects that effect change, but these systems can be open or closed. Chaos theory is based on the concept that chaos has some form of order and this order emerges through repeated fluctuation and chaotic events, but does not deal with open systems. Lewin's (1951) Force-Field Model is the only one of these change theories that is not referred to as an emerging change theory and utilizes the unfreeze-move-refreeze format.

Answer to #3

B
Lippitt's (1958) Seven Phases of Change has the most steps in its process. These seven steps are: 1) diagnose the problem, 2) assess motivation and capacity for change, 3) assess change agent's motivation and resources, 4) select progressive change objective, 5) choose appropriate role of change agent, 6) maintain change, and 7) terminate helping relationship. Lewin's (1951) Force-Field Model has three steps, Havelock's (1973) Change Model has six steps or phases, and Roger's (1995) Diffusion of Innovations Theory has five steps.

Answer to #4

A
Five classic change theories are presented in the text. Lewin's change theory is entitled the Force-Field Model, and contains three primary steps. Lippitt's change model is entitled Phases of Change. Havelock's change model is the Six-Step Change Model. Roger's change model is called the Diffusion of Innovations Theory of Change.