The discipline of nursing has a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ...

Answer to #1

ANS: A, B, C
Donaldson and Crowley characterize the discipline of nursing as having a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its inquiry, related to Principles and laws that govern the life processes, well-being, and optimum functioning of human beings, sick or well; patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life situations; and processes by which positive changes in health status are affected.

Answer to #2

ANS: C
Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of nursing, but central constructsperson, environment, health, and nursingare found in all theories and models. They are referred to as nursing's metaparadigm. These constructs are the metalanguage of nursing, and together they act as basic building blocks for the discipline of professional nursing. Telehealth is fast becoming an integral part of the health care system, used both as a live interactive mechanism (particularly in remote areas, where there is a scarcity of health care providers) and as a way to track clinical data. Two important outcomes are reduced health costs and increased access to care. During the last century, the bulk of professional care was delivered in acute care settings, based on the disease-focused medical model. Switching to today's community focus recognizes the fact that chronic medical conditions account for most of today's care, with most being treated in the community. The IOM report Health professions education: A bridge to quality (2003) calls for the restructuring of clinical education responsive to the 21st century health system transformation goals of providing the highest quality and safest medical care possible. This report identified five core areas of competency required to cross the bridge to quality.

Answer to #3

ANS: D
Asking about what is bothering the client is goal directed. Its purpose is to promote client well-being. I am the nurse who will be doing your treatments today is a statement of fact, and it ignores the client's emotional needs. Will you listen to me so I can help you get better? is not goal directed and does not involve mutuality. This is what is going to happen during surgery is simply one way. It does not engage the client in a therapeutic manner.

Answer to #4

ANS: D
Feedback (from the receiver or the environment) allows the system to correct or maintain its original information. Feedback loops (from the receiver, or the environment) validate the information, or allow the human system to correct its original information. General Systems Theory, initially described by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), focuses on process and interconnected relationships comprising the whole.

Answer to #5

ANS: C
Feedback is the only way to know that one's perceptions about meanings are valid. Human communication is unique. Only human beings have large vocabularies and are capable of learning new languages as a means of sharing their ideas and feelings. Communication includes language, gestures, and symbols to convey intended meaning, exchange ideas and feelings, and to share significant life experience. To encode a message appropriately requires a clear understanding of the receiver's mental frame of reference (e.g., feelings, personal agendas, past experiences) and knowledge of its purpose or intent of the communication.

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