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Answer to #1
In the restricting type, individuals seek to lose weight primarily through diet, fasting, or excessive exercise; in the binge eating/purging type, the individual regularly engages in episodes of binge eating or purging, or both. Because studies have failed to find significant evidence of the differences between the bingepurge and restricting subtypes of anorexia, subtypes are used mostly to describe current symptoms rather than a distinctive pattern or course (Eddy et al., 2009; Forbush et al., 2010).
Answer to #2
A prominent controversy concerns the significance of emotional deprivation (lack of love) and malnutrition (lack of food), especially for failure to thrive. Investigators have argued that the infant with FTT, for example, has been deprived of maternal stimulation and love, which results in emotional misery, developmental delays, and eventually, physiological changes. In one study, mothers of infants diagnosed with FTT were found to be more insecurely attached than mothers of normal infants. These mothers also were more passive and confused and either became intensely angry when discussing past and current attachment relationships or dismissed the attachments as unimportant and non-influential (Benoit, Zeanah, & Barton, 1989). Children who have suffered from FTT as a result of early abuse exhibit poorer outcomes 20 years later than children whose failure to thrive resulted from neglect, lack of parenting, or feeding difficulties (Iwaniec, Sheddon, & Allen, 2003).
Answer to #3
Drive for thinness is a key motivational variable that underlies dieting and body image, among young females in particular, whereby the individual believes that losing more weight is the answer to overcoming her troubles and to achieving success (Philipsen & Brooks-Gunn, 2008). However, such behavior creates the negative side effects of weight preoccupation, concern with appearance, and restrained eating, which increase the risk of an eating disorder (Touyz, Polivy, & Hay, 2008). Disturbed eating attitudes describe a person's belief that cultural standards for attractiveness, body image, and social acceptance are closely tied to one's ability to control diet and weight gain.
Answer to #4
The refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, a significant disturbance in the individual's perception, and experiences of his or her own size.
Answer to #5
Because the motherchild relationship during the early stages of attachment is critical, eating disorders shown by infants and young children may be symptomatic of a fundamental problem in this relationship (Lyons-Ruth et al., 2014). Thus, treatment regimens involve a detailed assessment of feeding behavior and parentchild interactions, such as smiling, talking, and soothing, while allowing the parents to play a role in the infant's recovery (Atalay & McCord, 2011; Linscheid, 2006).
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