What is the meaning of the term valence'' as it is used in expectancy theory?
a. A subjective probability estimate that effort will lead to performance
b. A subjective probability estimate that performance will lead to rewards
c. The value an individual places on outcomes
d. The product of the effort to performance and performance to reward expectancies
e. The overall level of individual motivation
Question 2The basic assumptions of expectancy theory include all the following EXCEPT that
a. both individual differences and environmental factors influence motivation.
b. individuals observe their own behavior and decide whether it is motivated by
internal or external factors.
c. people are free to make choices about how to behave.
d. people have a choice of behavioral alternatives.
e. different people march to different drummers.
Question 3The theory that says motivation is a function of how much we want something and how
likely we think we are of getting it is
a. expectancy theory.
b. equity theory.
c. reinforcement theory.
d. two-factor theory.
e. ERG theory.
Question 4Which of the following needs is apparently very important to success as a manager,
according to recent research findings?
a. Self-actualization
b. Growth
c. Achievement
d. Affiliation
e. Power
Question 5Joe wants to be given a job to do and then left alone to do it. He tends to set moderately
difficult goals for himself and to really get involved in his work. He also has a strong need
for knowing how he is doing. In which of the following needs is Joe high?
a. Achievement
b. Affiliation
c. Power
d. Security
e. Potential
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