How do most countries (excluding the United States) nominate candidates for office?

How do most countries (excluding the United States) nominate candidates for office?
 
  A) small groups of party leaders select the candidates
   B) primary elections are held
   C) recall elections are held
   D) candidates are appointed by the head of state
   E) by referendums

Question -2-

As a result of the 1965 Immigration Act
 
  A) the U.S. saw the largest surge of immigration since the early 1900s.
   B) almost all the new immigrants were from northern Europe.
   C) almost all immigration to the U.S. stopped.
   D) the largest number of new immigrants came from Vietnam as a result of the war.
   E) none of the above.

Question -3-

Although there was some dissent, the majority at the Philadelphia Convention agreed that
 
  A) the central government was too strong.
   B) the central government needed to be strengthened.
   C) slavery should be slowly phased out of the United States.
   D) state governments were too strong.
   E) both C and D