The party machines of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century

The party machines of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century
 
  a. provided services to citizens in exchange for party loyalty and votes.
  b. were not as strong as political parties are today.
  c. diffused power in urban areas among a slew of local officials.
  d. were mostly found in rural areas.
  e. were anemic.

Question -2-

28. Which of the following is an example of a Jim Crow law?
 
  a. Literacy tests
  b. Segregated movie theaters
  c. Grandfather clauses
  d. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
  e. The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Question -3-

Minor or third parties in the American political system
 
  a. generally persist and become institutionalized forces.
  b. usually disappear soon after contesting one or two national elections.
  c. are never permitted on state ballots.
  d. develop into major parties soon after their establishment.
  e. are highly competitive with the two major parties in local elections.