Party organizations generally favor closed primaries. (True or false?)

Party organizations generally favor closed primaries.
 
  Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Question -2-

Which of the following is an example of a rally event as it relates to public approval of the president?
 
  a. George H. W. Bush's reelection after the Gulf War
  b. Richard Nixon's approval ratings during Watergate
  c. George W. Bush's surge in popularity after the 9/11 terrorist attacks
  d. Ronald Reagan's decision to seek a second term

Question -3-

Which of the following is an example of the free-rider problem?
 
  a. a political action committee contributing to candidates from both major political parties
  b. an elected official relying on information from lobbyists
  c. an environmentalist deciding not to join an environmental group but appreciating the group's environmental stewardship
  d. an environmental group disagreeing on what policy goals to pursue

Question -4-

Of the following, who would be most likely to vote?
 
  a. someone who thinks that both candidates are moderate
  b. someone who thinks that both candidates are very conservative
  c. someone with a high sense of political efficacy
  d. someone who sees few differences between the candidates