Some research studies indicate that certain students learn more under mild criticism. This finding indicates that
a. criticism is a reinforcer.
b. generalized reinforcers are needed.
c. praise should be used sparingly.
d. reinforcement is ineffective.
Ques. 2Computers were influential in advancing the cognitive revolution because they
a. carried out complex mental functions.
b. demonstrated the development of meaning.
c. manipulated and transformed symbols.
d. were easy to access.
Ques. 3The Premack principle demonstrates that
a. low frequency behaviors cannot be changed.
b. preferred activities may function as reinforcers.
c. the environment is only mildly reinforcing.
d. universal reinforcers are over-used.
Ques. 4All of the following are recommended in operant conditioning strategies except
a. positive reinforcement of appropriate behaviors.
b. punishment of inappropriate behaviors.
c. the identification of appropriate reinforcers.
d. the identification of inappropriate behaviors.
Ques. 5Instructional psychology emerged in part as a result of the
a. importance of effective classroom learning.
b. inadequacy of existing learning theory.
c. research into school learning.
d. space technology view of the world.
Ques. 6All of the following are factors that influence the extent to which something may function as a reinforcer except
a. an individual's skills.
b. inherited characteristics.
c. past reinforcement history.
d. the stimulus that precedes it.
Ques. 7Semester grades and diplomas are inadequate reinforcers, according to Skinner, because
a. delayed gratification is a vague concept.
b. delayed gratification is arranged by the learner.
c. distant consequences are not contingent on behavior.
d. distant consequences do not provide knowledge of results.
Ques. 8According to Skinner, consequences that function as punishment
a. suppress the discriminative stimulus.
b. suppress the unwanted behavior.
c. terminate related behaviors.
d. terminate the unwanted behavior.
Ques. 9Reinforcing successively more appropriate responses is known as
a. secondary reinforcement.
b. shaping behavior.
c. stimulus discrimination.
d. stimulus generalization.
Ques. 10The term operants refers to responses that alter the
a. environment.
b. learning process.
c. organism.
d. stimulus.
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