Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown. His teacher, Ms. Washington, used to laugh at Warren's funny remarks but is now trying to discourage Warren's disruptive behavior by ignoring his jokes. In spite of Ms. Washington's attempts to ignore Warren, Warren sometimes tells a joke so funny that Ms. Washington laughs in spite of herself. Rather than decreasing his joke telling, Warren begins telling even more outrageous jokes. Inadvertently, Ms. Washington is modifying Warren's joke-telling behavior through:
A) Shaping.
B) Extinction.
C) Punishment.
D) Negative reinforcement.
Ques. 2Define the concept of vicarious reinforcement and give a concrete classroom example to illustrate its effects on students' behavior.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 3Standardized achievement tests are most helpful to teachers as:
A) A good overall assessment of what students have learned in a particular class or at a particular grade level.
B) A way of monitoring students' general progress in various subject areas over time.
C) A means of determining whether learning problems are due to learning disabilities or, instead, to serious social-emotional problems.
D) A general indication of which students are likely to do well in college and which are not.
Ques. 4In each of the situations below, a student's behavior is affected by one of the following phenomena: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, vicarious reinforcement, or vicarious punishment. For each situation: (1 ) identify which one of the phenomena just listed is affecting the student's behavior, and (2 ) explain why you made the choice you did. a. Because John was caught cheating on an exam, he was removed from the basketball team. John has stopped cheating on exams. b. Mary sees her friend Judy get special privileges when she talks very sweetly to the teacher. As a result, Mary begins to sweet-talk the teacher as well. c. Ralph brings his science project in a week late. The only reason he did his project at all is because he wanted his mother to stop nagging him about it.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 5Three of the following strategies are recommended for working with students from low-income families. Which one is not recommended?
A) Don't test any content material that requires basic skills that were not acquired at home.
B) If students are willing, ask them to talk about the inequities they've faced in society.
C) Arrange field trips to museums, zoos, and farms.
D) Identify existing areas of knowledge on which you can build classroom lessons.
Ques. 6When considering students' cultural and ethnic backgrounds, it is important to keep in mind that:
A) Some students may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.
B) Students' allegiance to their family's culture is almost always stronger than their desire to adhere to practices in mainstream Western culture.
C) Students' desire to adhere to practices in mainstream Western culture is almost always stronger than their allegiance to their family's culture.
D) In the elementary grades, students typically have little conscious awareness that their ethnic backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates.
Ques. 7Greg has terrible study habits: Whenever he is given an assignment to be done either in class or at home, he doesn't begin the assignment until he has been repeatedly nagged by either you (his teacher) or his parents. Furthermore, Greg seems unable to complete assignments without constant prodding to stay on task. Explain how you might use operant conditioning to help Greg develop better study habits. Be concrete and specific in your explanation of what you would do, and be sure to include each of the following in your description: a. A secondary reinforcer you might use b. Shaping c. Some means of preventing extinction
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 8A girl in your classroom rarely interacts with her classmates. She is obviously quite lonely but apparently has no confidence in her ability to make friends. Describe how you might help the girl develop social skills through shaping. In your discussion, be sure to include: a. The specific behavior(s) you would shape b. A specific reinforcer you might use, as well as a justification for your choice c. The sequence of steps you might take as you shape the desired behavior
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 9Ursula is always getting out of her seat at inappropriate times. You scold her every time she does this, but her behavior seems to be getting worse rather than better. a. From an operant conditioning perspective, why is Ursula's getting-out-of-seat behavior increasing rather than decreasing? Identify at least two possible reasons for the increase. b. How might you decrease her behavior by reinforcing an incompatible behavior? Describe your procedure in detail, specifying the reinforcer and the behavior you will reinforce.
What will be an ideal response?
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