Research on gender differences in students' sense of self tells us that:
a. In adolescence, girls rate their physical appearance more positively than boys do.
b. On average, girls have a better overall sense of self-worth than boys.
c. Boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities.
d. Boys are more likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers.
Ques. 2The textbook suggests that the effects of peer pressure have been overrated. Three of the following are factors that ameliorate, or soften, the potential effects of peer pressure. Which statement is not necessarily accurate?
a. Students may give an outward impression of acting cool or going along with the crowd while secretly behaving in accordance with their own standards.
b. Students tend to hang out with peers whose values and interests are similar to their own.
c. Students retain some of the values they have acquired from their families.
d. Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.
Ques. 3Peer relationships, like parent-child relationships, are essential to a child's development. Which one of the following is not one of the ways that peer relationships influence the developing child?
a. Peer relationships provide opportunities to develop and practice social skills.
b. Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes deeply emotionally attached.
c. Peers can be a source of emotional support during difficult times.
d. Peers provide information about which behaviors are desirable and which are not.
Ques. 4Marietta is a high school student. Considering what psychologists have learned about the effects of gender schemas, and without knowing anything else about Marietta, in which area would you expect her to have the strongest motivation to do well?
a. Dressing fashionably
b. Pursuing a career in electrical engineering
c. Becoming a world-renowned body builder
d. Mastering auto mechanics
Ques. 5Which one of the following examples illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in the adolescent's developing self-concept?
a. Annette talks to an invisible friend when she is having problems and feels she has no one else to turn to.
b. Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends.
c. Candy feels detached, as if she has no life of her own but is only watching everyone else live their lives.
d. Dora feels self-conscious when she has to get up in front of her class and give a speech from memory.
Ques. 6Given what researchers have learned about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students acquire a positive sense of self?
a. Second- through fourth-grade teachers
b. Junior high school teachers
c. High school teachers who teach advanced courses
d. High school coaches and physical education teachers
Ques. 7As students grow older, they are more likely to:
a. Hold themselves to unrealistically high standards for performance
b. Be satisfied with low levels of performance
c. Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their classmates
d. Evaluate their own performance in terms of how much improvement it shows over time
Ques. 8On average, students who attend schools for gifted children have lower self-esteem than students of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities.
If we consider research about factors affecting students' sense of self, we can explain this finding in the following way:
a. Children who attend gifted programs typically have more assertive parents, and such parents tend to undermine their children's self-esteem.
b. Having a label of any kindeven the label giftedtends to lower self-esteem.
c. Identifying a child as gifted requires an intensive psychological evaluation, and such evaluations inevitably lower self-esteem.
d. Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of peers they see frequently.
Ques. 9As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or so. Julian can best be described as showing:
a. Foreclosure
b. Moratorium
c. Identity diffusion
d. Identity achievement
Ques. 10Which one of the following illustrates a phenomenon known as the personal fable?
a. Olivia becomes very popular with her peers when she makes up a story that she is from a small European country and has royal blood in her family.
b. Wendy gets sick more often than her classmates and so asks her teachers to be more lenient in grading her assignments.
c. Jonathan thinks of himself as a nobody, someone whom his peers rarely notice.
d. William believes he is unique among human beings, with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.
Ques. 11Children's self-concepts become increasingly stable, and therefore increasingly more difficult to change, as they grow older.
Using what you have learned about the development of students' sense of self, choose the most likely explanation for the increasing stability of the self-concept over time:
a. Maturational factors play a major role in the formation of the self-concept; these factors continue to unfold throughout childhood.
b. Research studies indicate that the self-concept has a strong genetic component.
c. Many teachers intuitively sense how students feel about themselves, and such intuitions invariably influence teachers' behaviors toward the students.
d. Children will behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves.
Ques. 12Many adolescents take foolish risks that can put their physical welfare in danger. Three of the following alternatives are possible reasons for this risk taking. Which alternative is the least plausible explanation of adolescent risk taking?
a. Adolescents have not yet acquired a very sophisticated theory of mind.
b. Thanks to the personal fable, some adolescents believe themselves to be impervious to normal human dangers.
c. As a result of incomplete brain maturation, some adolescents have trouble controlling their impulses.
d. Especially when they're with friends, adolescents tend to focus on what might be fun rather than what might be wise.
Ques. 13Which one of these examples best reflects the role that students' sense of self typically plays in their achievement and school behavior?
a. Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit, so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities.
b. Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.
c. Nettie doesn't think she is very popular, so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her.
d. Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math.
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