In Papousek's conditioning of infants to turn their heads to a buzzer or a bell to receive milk, what were his findings?
a. The earlier the training began, the older the infants were before they mastered the task.
b. The later the training began, the older the infants were before they mastered the task.
c. The earlier that any training begins, the earlier the infants can master a task.
d. The time when training begins has little effect on infants' ability to master a task.
Question 2In a study in which pregnant women read a story to their unborn babies, newborns changed their rate of sucking on a pacifier in which of the following scenarios?
a. when their mothers read them a new story
b. when a woman other than their mother read them a new story
c. when their fathers read them the same story
d. when a woman other than their mother read them the same story
Question 3All of the following are used to study the cognition of young infants except
a. rates of sucking. c. head turning.
b. kicking. d. rolling over.
Question 4The violation-of expectation method is based on which of the following?
a. habituation/dishabituation procedures c. the externality effect
b. A-not-B tasks d. visual cliff experiments
Question 5If infants see an event that deviates from what they expect, they usually
a. look longer at that event than at an expected event.
b. look quickly away from that event.
c. begin to cry for their mothers.
d. show a startle reflex.
Question 6Most or even all of an infant's cognition is
a. explicit. c. without conscious awareness.
b. conscious. d. inaccessible to researchers.
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