How do teacher expectations affect student success? What will be an ideal ...

Answer to q. 1

In a classic research study, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that teachers'
expectations of student success were self-fulfilling prophecies. When teachers were
told that certain students in their classrooms were going to bloom intellectually in the
coming year, those chosen children showed increases in their IQ scores. The findings
of subsequent research have been mixed, but it may be that teacher expectations may
affect student self-esteem, motivation, and expectations for success. This has serious
implications for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. If teachers have lower
expectations for success in these children, they may spend less time encouraging and
interacting with them. This may result in a Pygmalion effect in the classroom.

Answer to q. 2

During parallel play, Phil and Lil would intently watch each other play but would not directly interact. During simple social play, Phil and Lil would engage in similar activities (e.g., each building a sand castle) and would talk and/or smile at each other. During cooperative play, Phil and Lil would directly interact with each other during some organized activity (e.g., playing tag with each other).

Answer to q. 3

In middle childhood, control begins to be transferred from parent to child. This
transition period is known as co-regulation. Generally, schools and peers take on
increased importance in the child's life, yet most children report that parents continue to
be an importance source of emotional support. Children who experience divorce are
more likely to have long-term problems if the parents do not agree on child-rearing
issues. However, parental conflict appears to affect child well-being more so than
family structure, per se. Maternal employment, long feared to have severe negative
consequences for children, appears to not have such dramatic negative effects. Some
research shows that children whose mothers work outside the home are better adjusted
than those whose mothers work in the home. Mothers who work outside the home are
positive role models for both male and female children. In particular, daughters of
employed women set high expectations for themselves, and both male and female
children of employed mothers hold less rigid gender-role stereotypes.

Answer to q. 4

The textbook points out three emotional regulation strategies employed by older children:
a) Children will begin to regulate their own emotions more and rely less on others/adults to help them with this skill.
b) Children will rely more on mental strategies to control their emotional states.
c) Children more accurately match the strategies for regulating emotions with the particular setting in which the emotion occurs.
Excellent answers will list and give an example of all three of these strategies.