Which of these processes is NOT necessary for the successful use of analogies?

Which of these processes is NOT necessary for the successful use of analogies?
 
  a) noticing
   b) mapping
   c) schema development
   d) integration

Question 2

In the classic study of using analogies to aid in problems, Gick and Holyoak (1983) found that only one condition was successful in triggering participants to notice and successfully apply an analogy. Which condition was it?
 
  a) The condition in which they were given a diagram of the source problem.
   b) The condition in which they were given two source problems and had to map out their relationship.
   c) The condition in which they were given a source problem and a statement of the underlying general principle.
   d) None of the analogy conditions was better than just presenting the participants with the target problem alone.