Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about gender comparisons in cognitive skills?
a. Debra: Males are consistently better than females in both mathematics and spatial ability.
b. Andy: The only large gender differences are in verbal ability, where females typically earn higher scores.
c. Eladj: The only large gender differences are in spatial ability, where males often earn higher scores.
d. Amelie: Actually, there are no moderate or large gender differences in any area of cognitive skills.
Question 2Your textbook discusses the research on explanations for mental imagery. According to this discussion,
a. visual imagery and visual perception activate similar regions of the cortex.
b. most of the research on mental imagery can be attributed to experimenter expectancy and demand characteristics.
c. neurological evidence tends to support a propositional explanation of the results.
d. when we perceive real objects, we manipulate them in a way that is impossible in mental imagery
Question 3How are the terms demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy related to each other?
a. When experimenters clearly prefer participants who have certain cognitive characteristics, the experimenters expect them to perform especially well.
b. If the participants are especially demanding or difficult, the experimenter tends to have lower expectations about their performance.
c. It is unethical for an experimenter to have certain expectations, just as it is unethical for participants to make demand characteristics.
d. The experimenter's expectancy about a study's results may be one kind of demand characteristic.
Question 4Researchers have conducted studies on a variety of vision-like processes that are unfamiliar to the general public. This research demonstrates that a mental image has roughly the same effect that an actual visual stimulus has,
for example, in producing the masking effect. On the basis of this research, we can conclude that
a. demand characteristics probably cannot explain the results.
b. the propositional-coding explanation is likely to be correct.
c. visual imagery is stronger than auditory or motor imagery.
d. experimenter expectancy consistently influences the research on mental imagery.
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