Which of the following definitions for the term foresight bias is most accurate?

Which of the following definitions for the term foresight bias is most accurate?
 
  a. A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipatein advancethe problems with a study.
  b. Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity.
  c. Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device.
  d. Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well on a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material

Question 2

Sean is studying for his philosophy final exam. He knows that the test will be all essays, and he knows that the professor often asks students to compare two philosophical approaches.
 
  As part of his studying, he writes several practice essays in which he compares some philosophical approaches. Sean's study method makes use of the cognitive principle called
   a. implicit memory.
   b. the hierarchy technique.
   c. encoding specificity.
   d. method of loci.

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the best summary of why a person's confidence is important to the topic of memory strategies and metacognition?
 
  a. Asli: In general, people are overconfident that they will remember material accurately.
  b. Megan: Ironically, people are overconfident about eyewitness testimony and underconfident about material they learn in an academic setting.
  c. George: People are especially likely to be overconfident if they have studied material by using the self-reference technique.
  d. Xavier: People are generally overconfident when they use memory strategies and underconfident when they use metacognition.

Question 4

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of
 
  a. the encoding-specificity principle.
  b. the self-reference principle.
  c. the Pollyanna Principle.
  d. the shallow-rehearsal technique.

Question 5

According to the principle of memory called the total-time hypothesis,
 
  a. your score on a memory task is related to the amount of time you spend in learning the material.
  b. the total time you spend in learning the material is such an important factor that it overshadows the combined impact of all the other memory strategies.
  c. your score on a memory task is positively correlated with the total time you spend in strengthening your brain by using general memory-building exercises.
  d. the total time spent studying will typically decrease in a linear fashion, for each repetition of the list