The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification ...

Answer to q. 1

c

Answer to q. 2

c

Answer to q. 3

Racial socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy. Racial socialization includes direct statements regarding race, modeling behavior, and indirect activities such as exposure to an environment that conveys a specific message about a racial or ethnic group. The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racialethnic groups are passed down in families from generation to generation. Some minority parents feel that racial socialization is essential because it provides children with the skills and abilities they will need to survive in the larger society.

Answer to q. 4

c

Answer to q. 5

b

Answer to q. 6

Gender socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society. O n e o f t h e p r i m a r y a g e n t s o f g e n d e r s o c i a l i z a t i o n i s t h e

f a m i l y . In some families, gender socialization starts before the child's birth. Parents who learn the sex of the fetus often purchase color-coded and gender-typed clothes, toys, and nursery decorations in anticipation of their daughter's or son's arrival. After the child has been born, parents may respond differently toward male and female infants; they often play more roughly with boys and talk more lovingly to girls. Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls are typically assigned different household chores and given different. Like the family, schools, peer groups, and the media contribute to our gender socialization. From kindergarten through college, teachers and peers reward gender-appropriate attitudes and behavior. Sports reinforce traditional gender roles through a rigid division of events into male and female categories. The media are also a powerful source of gender socialization starting very early in childhood, children's books, television programs, movies, and music provide subtle and not-so-subtle messages about how boys and girls should act.

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