Ip worksheet- Immune System: Common Characteristics of B and T Cells

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1.   Shared features of B and T lymphocyte function include:
a.   specificity of receptors
b.   diversity of receptors
c.   regulation of activation
d.   memory
   2.   Lymphocytes must distinguish between normally occurring internal antigens called self antigens and those external to the body. The ability to distinguish between the pathogens depends on the antegenic deterinants  of the lymphocyte antigen receptors.
   3.   Specificity of B and T cells depends on their ability to recognize foreign antigens and eliminate. They have the ability to do this because their surface is covered with 10,000 to 100,000 antigen receptors. All of these receptors on a specific B cell are identical; thus, the cells bind optimally with only one antegenic determinant
   4.   The antigen receptor on a B cell is an immunoglobulin, which is Y-shaped and basically a membrane-bound antibody.
   5.   The T cell receptor recognizes antigen fragments housed in cell membrane proteins called “major histocompatibility”(MHC) proteins.
   6.   The immune system can develop receptors for a specific antigen before that antigen enters the body. Lymphocytes make a wide variety of receptors, and when an antigen binds and activates one of these receptors, the cell divides, making many identical cells. This process is called clonal skeleton.
   7.   Our bodies make approximately 100 million different types of lymphocyte antigen receptors. With only 25,000 different genes in our body, how can so many antigen receptors be made?
      Editing a genetic information which creates a single effect
   8.   Receptors have two regions. The constant region is the same for all antigen receptors, whereas the variable region is specific for an antigen.
   9.   The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs because the B and T cells originate and/or mature in these organs. To become immunocompetent, B and T cells must accomplish:
1.   T cells mature in the thymus and produce surface antigen receptors
2.   B cells mature in bone marrow and produce surface receptors which divide and produce
   10.   Immature T cells migrate to the thymus. In the outermost cortex they form new surface antigen receptors. They then migrate to the medulla to test these new receptors.
   11.   T cells recognize antigens by binding to MHC proteins on an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cell. This process is known as positive selection. If T cells fail to recognize this protein, they die by a process known as negative selection.
   12.   If a T cell recognizes this protein (the one mentioned above), it is then tested for recognition of self antigen, the body’s own antigens. This process is known as antigen processine selection. Immature T cells that do not recognize the body’s own antigens are called immuncompetent t cells and allowed to mature.
   13.   If lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells, this will result in a/an autoimmune disease.
   14.   Below is a list of diseases that result when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. State what cells the immune system is attacking in each disease.
      Graves’ disease: causes thyroid to produce to much thyroid hormone
      Type I diabetes: autoimmunal body attacks the pancreas cells
      Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune which attacks the brain and spinal cord
      Hemolytic anemia: breakdown of RBCs abnormal
   15.   These diseases may occur as a result of what three events mentioned in this Topic?
1.   cross reactivity
2.   abnormal exposure of self antigens  in blood
3.   structural change of self antigens
   16.   naïve lymphocytes are lymphocytes that have not encountered their one specific antigen. What is the best method for the lymphocyte to find its antigen?
   Lymphocytes will recirculate from the blood and lymphoid organs
   17.   The T cell becomes activated when it encounters its antigen. The T cell then undergoes repeated cell division known as clonal selection. During this process, two basic types of cells are produced:
1.   cytoxic T cells, which attack the antigen-presenting cell
2.   Helper T cells, which remain to be reactivated if the antigen is ever encountered again
   18.   When an antigen activates a B cell, the cloned cytoxic cells (effector cells) secrete antibodies in about seven days. This is known as the primary immune response.
   19.   When exposed to the same antigen again, the memory B cells generate a/an secondary immune response. This response is generated (faster or slower) and produces a/an number of elevated effector cells.
   20.   The purpose of clonal selection is to generate memory cells, thus protecting us without the risk of getting sick.

  14.   Below is a list of diseases that result when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. State what cells the immune system is attacking in each disease.
      Graves’ disease: ___________________ ______
      Type I diabetes: ___________________ ______
      Multiple sclerosis: ___________________ ______
      Hemolytic anemia: ___________________ ______

   Graves’ disease: _________________________ thyroid
      Type I diabetes: _________________________ destroys beta cells in the pancreas
      Multiple sclerosis: _________________________ myelin
      Hemolytic anemia: _________________________ red blood cells

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Post Merge: 11 years ago

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  14.   Below is a list of diseases that result when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. State what cells the immune system is attacking in each disease.
      Graves’ disease: ___________________ ______
      Type I diabetes: ___________________ ______
      Multiple sclerosis: ___________________ ______
      Hemolytic anemia: ___________________ ______

   Graves’ disease: _________________________ thyroid
      Type I diabetes: _________________________ destroys beta cells in the pancreas
      Multiple sclerosis: _________________________ myelin
      Hemolytic anemia: _________________________ red blood cells