According to a 2011 John Jay College study recent models for reform adopted by a

The three models are: 1. Resolution strategies involving direct managerial changes brought about by the efforts of administrators, policymakers, and elected officials;
2. Reinvestment strategies - the use of financial incentives to encourage state and local governments to reduce spending on confinement and to invest in community-based programs; and 3.  Realignment strategies permanent organizational and structural modifications intended to alter the juvenile justice system, including the closing of facilities and the elimination of agencies.