CELL THEORY AND PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
1) Define the following:
a) organism – any living thing capable of response to stimuli; can be unicellular or multicellular
b) cell – simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
c) organelle – general term for cell ‘organs’ or structures
2) Summarize cell theory in your own words. Answers will vary.
3) How does the nucleus coordinate cell activities? Nucleus acts like the brain. It holds all genetic information that controls the cell’s activities in the form of DNA.
4) When you exercise, you breathe harder and faster. Using your knowledge of organelles, explain why this happens. Answers will vary. Possible explanation: There is an increase in heart rate meaning the blood has to be pumped out of the heart at a faster rate so fresh oxygen can be delivered to tissues.
5) Not all plant cells contain chloroplasts. What is the most likely reason for this? Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis. Not all plants conduct photosynthesis – only green plants conduct photosynthesis.
6) Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall. What is the function of this structure? It provides support.
7) Plant cells can make their own “food”, glucose. Why do plant cells have mitochondria? Mitochondria are the power house of the cell. They turn food into ATP (energy) to be used by the cell.
8) Make a chart, summarizing the structure and function of all the cell organelles***
ORGANELLE- general term for cell “organs” or structures
CYTOPLASM- mostly H2O, gives cell it’s rigidity (“fills it up”), site of chemical reactions
CELL MEMBRANE- flexible, double layer “container” of the cell, holds cytoplasm and all organelles, allows certain substances to automatically travel in and out (SEMI-PERMEABLE, ex. H2O yes, proteins no)
NUCLEUS- “brain”, holds all genetic information that controls the cell’s activities in the form of DNA
MITOCHONDRIA- “power plants”, they make energy from glucose available to the cells through chemical reactions (cellular respiration), ex. muscle cells have more than fat-storage cells
9) Label plant and animal cell diagrams***
PROKARYOTES-EUKARYOTES AND CELL DIVISION
1) Are your cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Explain. Humans are eukaryotes because we exist as multicellular organisms. Different organs have different types of cells. Ie: nerve cells, muscle cells, skin cells.
2) What is the most obvious difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotes are small (cannot be seen by the naked eye); eukaryotes are larger and complex beings.
3) Name three reasons for cell division. Cell division is important so organisms can be multicellular, is required for repair from damage, and is needed in reproduction.
4) A cleaning product claims to kill “99.9% of all bacteria”. Will a cleaned surface stay bacteria-free forever? Explain your answer. Usually, a cleaned surface will not stay bacteria-free forever. 0.1% of bacteria is still not killed. These bacteria will reproduce over time. Other bacteria may also migrate to this surface after the product has been applied.
5) List three differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. One parent, two parents; genetically identical, genetically different; undergo mitosis, undergo mitosis and meiosis.
6) Why do cells divide instead of just getting bigger, as an organism grows? Cells have a lifespan. They need to be continuously replenished. Even if they get bigger, they will eventually die. Organelles would also be too far away from each other to work effectively.
7) A minor wound heals over time. Explain how this happens. Answers will vary. Specialized cells gather to the site of injury which form a scab. In the meantime, mitosis occurs to replicate cells so damaged cells can be replaced by fresh skin cells.
MITOSIS
1) Draw cell diagrams to show the 4 phases of mitosis (PMAT)
2) Draw cell diagrams to show the 4 phases of mitosis (PMAT)
3) Draw cell diagrams to show the 4 phases of mitosis (PMAT)
** Yes, I mean do it 3 times… more the better to memorize it!!!!
Try to do it from memory only and check each time.
4) During which stage of the cell cycle does replication of the DNA occur? Replication of DNA occurs in the nucleus.
5) Why is it necessary that the cell copies its DNA? DNA is the genetic material of the cell. It supplies the information that is necessary for cells to reproduce.
6) Why are chromosomes visible during mitosis but not at other times? This is because chromosomes are condensed during mitosis.
7) Under a microscope, some cells can appear to be between metaphase and anaphase. Explain this observation. These cells were undergoing mitosis.
8) Which stage of phase of the cell cycle corresponds to each of the descriptions below?
a) A new cell wall begins to form. Cytokinesis
b) The membrane of the nucleus dissolves. Prophase
c) Daughter chromosomes begin to separate. Anaphase
d) The cell begins to pinch together along its centre. Cytokinesis
e) Thick chromosome threads are visible in two distinct regions of the cell. Telophase
f) The cell grows and copies its DNA. Interphase.
9) Create a table to summarize what happens during the three stages of the cell cycle. (3 stages: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis)
10) Biology books used to describe interphase as the “resting phase”. Based on what we know now, what was wrong with this term? Cell prepares for division during interphase. It Is not in the ‘resting phase” – still performing it’s regular functions.
CANCER
1) How is the behaviour of cancer cells different from that of normal cells? Cancel cells continue to grow without purpose. They tend to have multiple nuclei and nucleoli, small cytoplasm, and coarse chromatin. Cancerous cells also interfere with the functioning of neighboring normal cells.
2) a) Can a person inherit cancer genetically? Explain. Yes- they inherit the genes for cancer. No- they don’t inherit the cancer directly (ie. if a mom has leukemia, it doesn’t mean the baby will be born with leukemia)
b) Can you catch cancer from a person who has cancer? Explain. No – Cancer is not contagious. It occurs at the genetic level.
3) a) What is a carcinogen? Any cancer causing agent is known as a carcinogen.
b) Give some examples of carcinogens that may be present in your everyday life. Ie: certain food preservatives, Dioxin, BPA
4) Why might it be easy to overlook cancer in its early stages? Many times it is impossible to tell someone has cancer because it does not have any distinct symptoms. Headaches and weight loss can be attributed to other abnormalities.
5) List at least five diagnostic techniques used to detect cancer. MRI, endoscopy, CT scan, X-ray, ultrasound
6) Briefly describe the three main conventional methods of treating cancer.
a. Surgery (remove cancer cells that are easily accessible and fairly defined)
b. Chemotherapy (drugs injected or taken orally kill cancer cells and other cells, side effects)
c. Radiation (takes advantage of rapid cell division, damages the DNA of cancer daughter cells)
7) Why might a doctor be concerned to find cancerous cells in a patient’s blood? Since these cells are travelling in the bloodstream all over the body, they can stop at any tissue in the body and proliferate at this location. This can result in the formation of a malignant tumor.
8) Identify at least three simple lifestyle changes that could help reduce your risk of developing cancer. Stop smoking, eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables over canned goods, exercise/rest frequently.
9) What cancer screening tests should young adults include in their cancer-fighting plan? Screening for moles – Asymmetry, Border irregularity, color, diameter.
10) Why might there be a risk of cancer recurring, even when surgery is performed to remove a malignant tumour? It is possible that the cancerous cells still exist in other parts of the body even though the tumor has been removed. It is also possible for the same mutation to occur elsewhere and result in a malignant tumor.
11) Normal and Cancer cell handout ***
SPECIALIZED CELLS AND STEM CELLS
1) Why are complex organisms made up of specialized cells? Complex organisms are made up of specialized cells because one type of cell would be unable to perform all the functions in a complex organism. Ie: deliver oxygen, send signals, fight foreign particles, repair bones, etc. can perform greater functions.
2) Think about your own body. List at least four activities that your body must do to keep you alive. Answers will vary.
3) Choose two specialized cells. Compare their structure and function. Answers will vary.
4) Every cell in your body came from one fertilized egg cell. What does this tell you about the DNA differences between one body cell and another? All cells in the human body have the same complement of DNA, but in different cells, different parts of the DNA are turned on and off. One part of DNA is turned on in one cell type and another part of DNA is turned on in another cell type.
5) Do plant cells specialize in the same way as animal cells? Use examples of each to illustrate your answer. Plants cells are specialized but perform different functions. Ie: root cells, leaf cells (guard cells/stomata)
6) Why do single-celled organisms not show specialization? Single celled organisms are simple (not complex). As a result, one cell is able to perform all the necessary functions required.
7) What is the meaning of the term “cellular differentiation”? The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
8) What is the difference between tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells?
a. Embryonic stem cell – can differentiate into any kind of cell
b. Tissue stem cells – adult cells existing within specialized tissue (such as bone marrow which can differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells and/or platelets)
9) Why are stem cells from a newborn baby’s umbilical cord blood considered to be tissue stem cells? They can develop into tissue cells.
10) What is the significance of being able to harvest stem cells that can specialize into any type of cell? If stem cells are stored and can differentiate into any kind of cell, they may be very helpful if that baby ever becomes very sick and is in need of these cells at a later age. ie: disorders affecting blood and immune system.
11) Briefly describe the process of bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia. Bone marrow exists in several parts of the body (hip, skull, chest, spine). A small amount of bone marrow is first taken from a donor. This sample is then screened and frozen until the day of the transplant. On the day the transplant occurs, the bone marrow is transferred in the patient intravenously (very similar to how any blood product is given).
12) Complete “Cell Types Worksheet”***
ANIMAL BODY- LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1) Create a concept map to illustrate the hierarchy of organization within an animal. Include examples. Answers will vary.
2) Give an example of an organ that is found in
a) only one organ system - heart (circulatory system)
b) more than one organ system – brain (nervous system and endocrine)
3) In what way are organ systems more complex than highly specialized cells? Groups of highly specialized cells make up tissues, which make organs, which make organ systems. Organ systems are more complex that specialized cells.
4) Make a list of the main functions that must be performed by all living things. For each main function, name an organ system that is involved in performing that function. Answers will vary.
5) Most animals have the same kinds of organ systems. Why do you think there are not dozens or even hundreds of completely different kinds of organ systems? Most animals are similar in structure, so the organ systems they have are also similar. Ie: animals have a heart used to pump blood, eyes for vision, etc.
6) Why is there no hierarchy of organization within single-celled organisms? Single-celled organisms have one cell which is able to perform all necessary functions. As a result, mo hierarchy of organization is needed.
*Be able to recognize the different types of tissues
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1) List the main parts of the digestive tract and their major functions.
a. Mouth – teeth and tongue help to break down food into smaller pieces
b. Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach, moves food along via peristalsis
c. Stomach – holds and churns food ; contains acid which kill bacteria
d. Intestine – site of most chemical digestion; absorb nutrients and water; goblet cells release mucus
e. Accessory organs – ie: liver, pancreas, gall bladder; secrete enzymes into the upper intestine for chemical digesstion
f. Rectum and anus – leftovers of food are stored in the rectum and excreted out the anus
2) Why is it necessary for food to be digested? In order for our body to utilize the nutrients in the food we eat, it much be digested.
3) Name at least four substances that are added to the food in the digestive tract to aid in digestion.
a. Saliva
b. Acid (hydrochloric acid)
c. Mucus (released by goblet cells) – allow material to pass smoothly along the intestines and protect intestines from enzymes
d. Insulin - produced by pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels
e. Enzymes
4) Which kind of tissue contracts to push food through the digestive system? Smooth muscle
5) Briefly describe at least one disease or illness that can result from a problem in the digestive system.
a. Crohn’s disease - An inflammatory immune disease of the intestinal tract that causes thickening of the intestinal wall and inflammation of the intestinal lining (mucous membrane). Crohn's Disease can cause problems from the mouth to the anus. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1) Describe the function of the circulatory system.
a. Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
b. Carries away waster (CO2)
c. Regulates body temperature
d. Transports disease fighting WBC throughout the body
2) Name at least four substances that are carried by the circulatory system.
- Components of blood (Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma)
3) Explain how the circulatory system interacts with the digestive system.
The digestive system breaks down food so that it’s nutrients can be absorbed into the circulatory system. It then carries the nutrients to the tissues to use and removes metabolic wastes.
4) Create a table that lists the main parts of the circulatory system and the tissue types in each part.
a. blood – tissue itself
b. heart – cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
c. arteries/arterioles/veins/venules/capillaries – smooth muscle tissue
5) How is cardiac muscle different from the smooth muscle that surrounds the digestive tract?
- Smooth muscle is non-striated (not banded); cardiac muscle is striated
- Cardiac muscle tissue is a special type of tissue found only in the heart. This tissue undergoes synchronized contractions and conducts electrical impulses even when it is not stimulated by a nerve impulse.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1) Name the main organs and structures of the respiratory system.
a. Nose and mouth – air enters and exits
b. Trachea and bronchi – passageways of air before reaching the lungs
c. Lungs – site of gas exchange
2) What is the role of the epithelial tissue that lines the trachea and bronchi?
a. The epithelial tissue that lines the trachea and bronchi is ciliated. This means that this tissue secretes mucus to trap dust and small particles from reaching the lungs.
3) How does an animal’s respiratory system depend on its circulatory system?
a. The circulatory system delivers fresh oxygen to various tissues in the body. This fresh oxygen (loaded on RBC’s) comes to the heart from the lungs. The lungs are the site of gas exchange – fresh oxygen is loaded on red blood cells and carbon dioxide is loaded off through diffusion.
4) Explain the difference between breathing and gas exchange.
a. Breathing involves ribs and muscles. It involves inhalation (drawing air into the lungs) and exhalation (pushing air out of the lungs).
b. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs in the alveoli which are surrounded by capillaries where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas is exchanged.
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
1) List the main functions of the musculoskeletal system.
2) Differentiate between a tendon and a ligament.
3) Why is skeletal muscle tissue considered “voluntary” muscle?
4) Use a simple diagram to describe how opposing muscle pairs produce movement of the lower leg.
5) Bone fractures are more common among senior citizens than among your people. Propose a possible explanation.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1) Briefly describe the structure and function of the nervous system.
a. Structure – brain and spinal cord
b. Function – senses the environment and co-ordinates appropriate responses
2) What type of cells make up the nervous system?
a. Nerve cells
3) Create a simple flow chart that illustrates the sequence of events in the nervous system that take place when you attempt to hit a baseball with a bat. Start with the sight of the ball coming toward you. Answers will vary.
4) Give three examples of the nervous system coordinating activities in other body systems.
a. Reproductive system – brain triggers release of testosterone/estrogen
b. Respiratory system – inhale and exhale
c. Musculoskeletal system – playing sports ie: running to kick a ball
5) What is the function of our sensory receptors? Mention at least two different sensory receptors in your answer.
a. Sensory receptors have sensory nerve endings that can recognize a stimulus in the internal or external environment ie: nose – to detect type of smell, tongue – to detect taste of various types of food
6) After a car accident, Jila lost the hearing in one ear. Examinations indicate that there is no damage to the eardrum. Suggest a possible reason for the loss of hearing. It is possible that nerves extending from the ear drum to the spinal cord are damaged, or, a part of the spinal cord is damaged which codes for hearing.
URINARY SYSTEM
1) Why do we need a urinary system?
2) Draw a simple, labeled diagram of the main parts of the urinary system.
3) What is in urine? Explain.
4) Put the following statements in the correct order:
A. Urine moves from the kidney into the ureter
B. The sphincter muscle relaxes and urine flows into the urethra
C. Wastes are absorbed from the blood into the nephron
D. Urine is excreted to the outside
E. Urine from the nephrons collects in the renal pelvis
F. Urine is stored in the bladder
5) Label the diagram of the urinary system***
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1) What are gonads, and what are their roles in humans?
2) Define the following:
a) somatic cell
b) reproductive cell
c) sex cell
d) fertilization
e) zygote
3) Label diagrams of female and male reproductive systems. ***
Review Prokaryotes-Eukaryotes & Cell Division Note to answer the following:
4) What is the basic difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.
5) Summarize the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.
6) If you wanted to develop an organism with the best possible characteristics, would you use sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction Explain why.
PLANTS
1) What is the purpose of cell division in plants? The main purpose of cell division in plants is to grow (rapidly divide); found in meristematic tissue (roots and plants).
2) What are the main functions of the four plant tissue systems?
a. Meristematic tissue – to rapidly divide ; found in roots and shoots
b. Epidermal tissue – forms an outer covering; allows for exchange of materials
c. Ground tissue – provides strength and support in stem; area where photosynthesis occurs in leaves
d. Vascular tissue – transports water and sugars to leaves and other parts of plant
3) Compare the function of xylem and phloem.
a. Xylem – transports water up to the leaves
b. Phloem – transports sugars (made from photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of the plant
4) Give some examples to show how specialized plant cells perform specific functions.
a. Guard cells – allow stomata to open and close to allow for passage of water and nutrients in/out of cell
5) Explain why the movement of H2O in xylem is always upward.
a. Movement of xylem is always upward because water is usually found in the roots. For this water to reach the leaves, it needs to travel through the roots, to the stem, and then to the leaves.
6) Draw two labeled diagrams to show the opening and closing of a plant stomata. Include the following labels: stomata, swollen guard cell, shrunken guard cell. Answers will vary.
A. Label the indicated parts of the normal and cancer cells.
B. In the spaces below, compare/contrast the cells.
NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS
Large amount of cytoplasm
One nucleus
One nucleolus
Fine chromatin Small amount of cytoplasm
Multiple nucleoli
Multiple nucleolus
Coarse chromatin
Cell Types Worksheet Name: Date:
Name each cell type and describe its structure/function.
DIAGRAM NAME STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
Nerve cell Dendrites and long axon form networks
Transmit electrical and chemical signals
Bone cell Large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and large golgi
Responsible for bone formation
Skeletal Muscle cell Long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells
Arranged in fibres, contract/relax to make bones move
Epithelial Skin cell Cells that arrange in tight clusters
Secretion, selective absorption, protection, detection of sensation
Cardiac muscle cells Similar structure to skeletal muscle
Only found in the heart, undergo synchronous contractions
RBC Enucleated, bioconcave shape, contain hemoglobin (Fe)
Transports O2 and CO2 throughout the body
Sperm cell Head (containing nucleus with densly coiled chromatin- ½ number of DNA- and enzymes), midpiece, and tail
Enzymes are used to penetrate female egg, carry genetic contribution of a male in reproduction
Egg cell Large amount of cytoplasm, ½ number of DNA
Large amount of cytoplasm provides nutrition for fertilized egg
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