Studies on the effectiveness of geographic profiling, such as those conducted by Snook, Taylor, and ...

Studies on the effectiveness of geographic profiling, such as those conducted by Snook, Taylor, and Bennell (2004), have reported that the use of computerized geographic profiling systems
a. is significantly more effective than any other form of criminal profiling
b. might impede investigations by causing too narrow of a geographic focus
c. is based on similar erroneous assumptions that offenders live close to their crime scenes
d. is much less accurate than deductive criminal profiling
e. does not increase accuracy much more than training participants to rely on simple heuristics.