What phases did human evolution progress through?

People were originally created with the maximum genetic diversity.
The population went through a bottleneck at the time of Noah's flood which is why there is today a low diversity in mitochondrial DNA.
Following the Tower of Bable incident the existing population was dispersed, quite possibly based on family groups with a propensity to racial patterns we see today.
The different populations became geographically isolated allowing adaptation to occur resulting in the different racial and language groups we see today.

based upon cladistics we went through these phases starting back around the beginning of the Cambrian period  (about 545 mya)

Animalia -> Biliatera -> Deuterostomia -> Chordata -> Vertebrata -> Tetrapod -> Anmiote -> Synapids -> Therapids -> Cynodont -> Mammal -> Eutheria -> Boreoeutheria -> Primates -> Homo

Animaila= heterotropes, or we must consume other living material for food.
Biliatera= We have bi-symmetrical growth, like how the left and right side of our bodies is a mirror image.
Deuterostomia= during utero development the first opening that forms in our little ball of cells become the anus
Chordata= we have a notocord that functions for the nervous system
Vertebrate= we have a hard back bone protecting that spinal cord
Tetrapod= We have four appendages suited for land use.
Anmiote= We don't require water for protecting our unborn, usually defined by the anmiote egg but our ancestors evolved development in the womb.
Synapids= Single temporal fenstra, or a hole in the back of our skull, which we don't have, instead it fused with bones linking to our orbit (eye hole) at some point in mammalian evolution
Therapsids= "Warm-blooded"
Cynodont= Hair and erect posture
Mammal = Parental care and mammary glands
Eutheria = A placenta
Boreoeutheria =external testicles
Primates= Opposabe thumb, Trichromacy (can see three colors)
homo= bipedal, long hindlimbs, large brain and cranial capacity , U-shaped dental battery, Vertical Foramen magnum, Wide pelvis
Sapiens= Advanced reasoning and mental capabilities.

Phases is the wrong term.  We diverged from other groups.  An excellent list of branch points was collected in Richard Dawkin's "The Ancestor's Tale".

That said, key points include (with modern--not ancestral--examples of the trait in parentheses)  bacteria developing to eukaryotes with membrane-bound organelles (amoeba), colonial organisms (carchesium),  colonial organisms with distinct germ lines (choanoflagelates), primitive animals with specialized cell types but no tissues (sea sponges), tissues (jellyfish), teeth and other hard parts, bones, jaws and fins (tuna), legs (salamander), the amniote egg which can be laid on land (lizards), fur and mammary glands (platypus), internal gestation (opossum), and I'll let you get from the placental mammals to humans.