In comparison to the United States and Germany, why have so few scientists received Nobel Prizes in ...

In comparison to the United States and Germany, why have so few scientists received Nobel Prizes in Japan?
 
  a. Japan does not have as strong a scientific tradition as the Western nations.
  b. Japanese scientists have focused more on productive efficiency rather than any kind of technological advances.
  c. Most Japanese scientists who are advanced choose to immigrate to Europe or the United States.
  d. Japanese scientists have been chosen to receive the Nobel Prize, but because of cultural tradition they have not traveled to accept the award.
  e. Japanese culture does not value bold experimentation of individual accomplishment as much as these other countries.