One of your classmates argues in his persuasive speech, What starving people need first is food and ...

One of your classmates argues in his persuasive speech, What starving people need first is food and clean waternot counseling about the sad state of their governments, not advice about ways to attract new industry,
 
  and not pity over the loss of their self-esteem. What principle of persuasive speaking is this class member effectively using?
   a. Using cognitive dissonance and negative motivation
  b. Presenting more advantages than disadvantages
  c. Satisfying basic needs before higher-level ones are considered
  d. Creating gradual, rather than sudden, change in listeners