MIDTERM

Criminology CRJU 2105 Mid-Term Exam Spring Semester, 2017 Dr. Dorinda L. Dowis, Professor ALL answers are found in your text, notes, or powerpoints. The answers should come from the course information in your possession. 110 total possible points, including the extra credit questions. Multiple Choice: 1 point each. 1. Criminology is which of the following? A. a physical science B. a substitute science C. an astrological science D. an applied social science E. a subset of anthropology 2. The “age of enlightenment” took place during what century? A. 16th B. 17th C. 18th D. 19th E. 20th 3. What is considered to be the first cause of criminal behavior? A. free will B. biology C. ancestry D. the environment E. demons 4. Which of the following were the focuses of the classical school of criminological thought? A. criminal behaviors and motivations B. federal and state laws C. law enforcement and corrections D. law-making and legal processing E. getting a confession and then punishing the offender 5. The Classical school’s explanation for the “cause” of crime is: A. the Devil B. nature C. society D. free will E. science 6. “Positivism” emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT: observation rationality comparison experimentation the treatment of criminal offenders 7. Which of the following is considered the “trademark/hallmark” of the biological approach to criminological explanation? rationality natural crime universal science inherited criminal behaviors empirical sociology 8. According to Lombroso, the “born criminal” is: a violent criminal a criminaloid atavistic an occasional criminal a criminal by passion 9. Which of the following classifications of criminal did Lombroso consider to be the most ferocious? the female born criminal the born criminal the violent criminal the murderer the habitual criminal 10. The biological explanation for crime did not become fully established until: the 16th century the 18th century the 20th century the late 1800’s the early 1900’s 11. Garofalo emphasized all of the following EXCEPT: morality a sound family environment religious instruction scientific methodology free will 12. Ferri suggested that causes of crime were: social anthropological physical all of the above a and c only 13. According to Lombroso, an individual must possess _______ or more physical abnormalities from his list to be identified as a born criminal. 2 3 4 5 6 14. Lombroso believed that although all born criminals are epileptics, not all epileptics are necessarily “born criminals.” True False 15. The focus of the positive school of criminological thought is: due process law-making capital punishment legal processing criminals and their criminal behaviors 16. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck studied: cranial measurements body types ancestry twins adoptions 17. Theorists in the positive school proved by use of the scientific method that biology is the cause of criminal and deviant behavior. A. True B. False 18. Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases established specific, mandated guidelines for use in cases where the death penalty is given and which are still required today? A. Furman v. Georgia B. Gideon v. Wainwright C. Bundy v. U.S. D. Gilmore v. Utah E. Gregg v. Georgia 19. Today, which of the following establishes what is considered “criminal” in society? A. the voters B. the President C. the police D. the legislature E. the wealthy 20. Classical theories do not focus on: A. legal statutes B. the pathology of criminal behavior in the individual C. the rights of humans D. due process E. governmental structures and agencies 21. Which of the following was not an idea which descended from the Classical school? A. determinate sentencing B. free will C. due process D. rules of evidence and testimony E. demonic possession 22. Which of the following defines the endomorph? A. active B. muscular C. very tall D. round in shape E. fragile 23. The positive writers were AGAINST which of the following: A. indeterminate sentences B. biological explanations of crime C. free will D. moral responsibility for criminal behavior E. rehabilitation 24. Which of the following defines an ectomorph? A. fat B. athletic C. thin D. soft E. aggressive 25. Which of the following theory classification schemes attempts to explain how people become criminals? A. classical B. structural C. process D. consensus E. conflict 26. Bentham is considered the “father of the classical school of criminological thought.” A. True B. False 27. Which of the following theory classification schemes is based on the assumption that there is very little agreement among people in society and that people hold conflicting values? A. classical B. structural C. process D. consensus E. conflict 28. Who is considered the “father of modern criminology?” A. Beccaria B. Lombroso C. Bentham D. Garofalo E. Ferri 29. According to the classical writers, the only justification for punishment is: A. to rehabilitate B. to punish C. to deter D. to restrict E. to teach 30. Members of the Classical school were generally opposed to: A. due process B. rational thinking C. judicial discretion D. human rights E. determinate sentencing 31. The early biological theory which studied the shape of the head to predict criminality was known as: A. atavism B. physiognomy C. somatotyping D. phrenology E. psychopathy 32. __________ conducted a study of Lombroso’s theory and concluded that it was fundamentally unsound. A. Richard Dugdale B. Earnest Hooton C. Charles Goring D. William Sheldon E. the Glueck’s 33. Which of the following has not been linked to delinquency and other problems? A. prenatal cigarette smoking B. prenatal marijuana smoking C. prenatal use of alcohol D. they have all been linked to delinquency E. none of the above 34. Individuals suffering from antisocial personality disorder generally show a persistent disregard for social norms and rules. A. True B. False 35. Poor intelligence is a characteristic of the psychopathic personality. A. True B. False 36. Which of the following is not one of the early signs or indicators of psychopathy? A. bed-wetting B. teenage pregnancy C. cruelty to animals D. firesetting E. inability to feel guilt or shame 37. Which of the following is an example of a neurosis? A. psychosis B. compulsive behaviors C. schizophrenia D. They are all neuroses E. None of the above 38. A(n) __________ is a form of mental illness in which a person is said to be out of touch with reality in some fundamental way. A. psychosis B. conditioned behavior C. sociopath D. neurosis E. psychopath 39. The __________ holds that a defendant is not criminally responsible if the crime was the product of a mental disease or defect. A. Durham rule B. substantial capacity test C. irresistible-impulse test D. Brawner rule E. M’Naughten rule 40. The __________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong. A. substantial capacity test B. M'Naughten rule C. irresistible-impulse test D. Durham rule E. Brawner rule Matching: .5 points each. A. theory P. eugenics B. demonology Q. deviant behavior C. somatotypes R. natural crime D. just deserts S. antisocial personality disorder E. positivism T. criminology F. mala in se U. panopticon G. Code of Hammurabi V. crime H. criminologist W. hedonistic calculus I. science X. atavism J. criminal psychology Y. mala prohibita K. criminalist Z. recidivism L. determinate sentence AA. Enlightenment M. pschopath BB. general deterrence N. criminal behavior CC. neoclassical criminology O. specific deterrence DD. psychological profiling 41. The philosophy of punishment under which criminal justice in the United States currently operates. D 42. The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide. DD 43. An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction. V 44. A system of assumptions, principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature of behavior. A. 45. A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced. BB 46. The primary difference between the classical school of criminological thought and all other schools of criminological thought. B 47. A study of what is considered to be the original cause of criminal behavior. R 48. The multi-disciplinary study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. The scientific study of criminal behavior and corrections. T 49. The study of the hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding. P 50. The reappearance of a characteristic after several generations of absence, usually caused by the chance recombination of genes. X 51. The repetition of criminal behavior. Z 52. An approach that studies human behavior through the use of traditional scientific method. E 53. One who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. H. 54. A “fixed” length of punishment. L 55. The assumption that people will automatically attempt to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. W 56. An era of great thought and expression. AA 57. Acts that are thought to be wrong in and of themselves. Y 58. Human behavior that violates social norms. Q 59. A psychological condition exhibited by and individual who is unsocialized and whose behavior pattern brings him or her into conflict with society. S 60. The ultimate disciplinary prison design. U 61. An individual with a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, and who is lacking in empathy. M 62. A more contemporary version of classical criminology that emphasizes deterrence and retribution with reduced emphasis on rehabilitation. CC 63. A specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of a crime. K 64. Acts that are wrong only because they are prohibited by law. F. 65. Physique; body type; physical build. C 66. The application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system. J 67. Garofalo’s attempt to explain what causes criminal behavior. I 68. One of the first known, written and codified, comprehensive bodies of law. G 69. A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality. O 70. Intentional behavior that violates a criminal code, not by accident or having justification or excuse. N Short Answer/Listing: 30 points. 71. What are the three (3) “classification schemes” of theory? (Two words for each.) general theory, Uncausal theory, and integrated theory. 72. What are five (5) “legacies” (heritage) of the classical school of criminological thought that remain as cornerstones in criminal justice today? 73. List four (4) of Lombroso’s criminal classifications. Atavism, criminal anthropology, born criminals, and criminaloids 74. What are Ferri’s five (5) basic scientific classifications of criminal? Born/instinctive, insane, passional, occasional, and habitual criminals 75. List Garofalo’s four (4) criminal classifications. The murdered, the violent criminal, the thief, and lascivious criminal 76. List Sheldon’s three (3) original “body types.” Endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph 77. List three (3) “textbook” (PCL) characteristics of a psychopath. Unreliability, Chronic lying, and ongoing antisocial behavior 78. What are the three (3) steps of the “scientific method?” Problem identification, research design development, and data collection and analysis. Short Essay: 15 points Briefly explain the difference between the Classical School of Criminological Thought and the Positive School of Criminological Thought. The classical school of criminological thought was a criminological perspective in the late 1700s and the early 1800s that had its roots in the enlightenment and that held that humans are rational beings, that crime is the result of the exercise of free will, and that punishment can be effective in reducing the incidence of crimes to the degree it negates the pleasure to be derived from crime commission. The classical school dealt with crime and deviance, which explains by reference to influences and spiritual short comings and is alongside other forms of human activity of other products of the exercise in free will. The positive school of criminological school presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors outside of the individuals control. Extra Credit: 2 points each. - What was the name of the reading club that Beccaria belonged to and what was the correct title of his 100-page essay? Pietro and Alessandro Verri, "the academy of fists" “Crimes and punishments” - What is the name of the “imaginary” family that Dugdale discovered and studied as a “criminal” family? Juke Family - What population groups were the subjects of Goring’s research? Prisoners, students at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, british soldiers, and non criminal hospital patience - Which of Sheldon’s somatotypes is the most likely to participate in delinquency and crime? Mesomorphs - Which criminological school of thought is the U.S. criminal justice system and its criminal law based in? Classical School