Transcript
Criminology
CRJU 2105
Mid-Term Exam
Spring Semester, 2017 Dr. Dorinda L. Dowis, Professor
ALL answers are found in your text, notes, or powerpoints. The answers should come from the course information in your possession. 110 total possible points, including the extra credit questions.
Multiple Choice: 1 point each.
1. Criminology is which of the following?
A. a physical science
B. a substitute science
C. an astrological science
D. an applied social science
E. a subset of anthropology
2. The “age of enlightenment” took place during what century?
A. 16th
B. 17th
C. 18th
D. 19th
E. 20th
3. What is considered to be the first cause of criminal behavior?
A. free will
B. biology
C. ancestry
D. the environment
E. demons
4. Which of the following were the focuses of the classical school of criminological thought?
A. criminal behaviors and motivations
B. federal and state laws
C. law enforcement and corrections
D. law-making and legal processing
E. getting a confession and then punishing the offender
5. The Classical school’s explanation for the “cause” of crime is:
A. the Devil
B. nature
C. society
D. free will
E. science
6. “Positivism” emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT:
observation
rationality
comparison
experimentation
the treatment of criminal offenders
7. Which of the following is considered the “trademark/hallmark” of the biological approach
to criminological explanation?
rationality
natural crime
universal science
inherited criminal behaviors
empirical sociology
8. According to Lombroso, the “born criminal” is:
a violent criminal
a criminaloid
atavistic
an occasional criminal
a criminal by passion
9. Which of the following classifications of criminal did Lombroso consider to be the most
ferocious?
the female born criminal
the born criminal
the violent criminal
the murderer
the habitual criminal
10. The biological explanation for crime did not become fully established until:
the 16th century
the 18th century
the 20th century
the late 1800’s
the early 1900’s
11. Garofalo emphasized all of the following EXCEPT:
morality
a sound family environment
religious instruction
scientific methodology
free will
12. Ferri suggested that causes of crime were:
social
anthropological
physical
all of the above
a and c only
13. According to Lombroso, an individual must possess _______ or more physical abnormalities
from his list to be identified as a born criminal.
2
3
4
5
6
14. Lombroso believed that although all born criminals are epileptics, not all epileptics are
necessarily “born criminals.”
True
False
15. The focus of the positive school of criminological thought is:
due process
law-making
capital punishment
legal processing
criminals and their criminal behaviors
16. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck studied:
cranial measurements
body types
ancestry
twins
adoptions
17. Theorists in the positive school proved by use of the scientific method that biology is the
cause of criminal and deviant behavior.
A. True
B. False
18. Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases established specific, mandated guidelines
for use in cases where the death penalty is given and which are still required today?
A. Furman v. Georgia
B. Gideon v. Wainwright
C. Bundy v. U.S.
D. Gilmore v. Utah
E. Gregg v. Georgia
19. Today, which of the following establishes what is considered “criminal” in society?
A. the voters
B. the President
C. the police
D. the legislature
E. the wealthy
20. Classical theories do not focus on:
A. legal statutes
B. the pathology of criminal behavior in the individual
C. the rights of humans
D. due process
E. governmental structures and agencies
21. Which of the following was not an idea which descended from the Classical school?
A. determinate sentencing
B. free will
C. due process
D. rules of evidence and testimony
E. demonic possession
22. Which of the following defines the endomorph?
A. active
B. muscular
C. very tall
D. round in shape
E. fragile
23. The positive writers were AGAINST which of the following:
A. indeterminate sentences
B. biological explanations of crime
C. free will
D. moral responsibility for criminal behavior
E. rehabilitation
24. Which of the following defines an ectomorph?
A. fat
B. athletic
C. thin
D. soft
E. aggressive
25. Which of the following theory classification schemes attempts to explain how people
become criminals?
A. classical
B. structural
C. process
D. consensus
E. conflict
26. Bentham is considered the “father of the classical school of criminological thought.”
A. True
B. False
27. Which of the following theory classification schemes is based on the assumption that there
is very little agreement among people in society and that people hold conflicting values?
A. classical
B. structural
C. process
D. consensus
E. conflict
28. Who is considered the “father of modern criminology?”
A. Beccaria
B. Lombroso
C. Bentham
D. Garofalo
E. Ferri
29. According to the classical writers, the only justification for punishment is:
A. to rehabilitate
B. to punish
C. to deter
D. to restrict
E. to teach
30. Members of the Classical school were generally opposed to:
A. due process
B. rational thinking
C. judicial discretion
D. human rights
E. determinate sentencing
31. The early biological theory which studied the shape of the head to predict criminality was
known as:
A. atavism
B. physiognomy
C. somatotyping
D. phrenology
E. psychopathy
32. __________ conducted a study of Lombroso’s theory and concluded that it was
fundamentally unsound.
A. Richard Dugdale
B. Earnest Hooton
C. Charles Goring
D. William Sheldon
E. the Glueck’s
33. Which of the following has not been linked to delinquency and other problems?
A. prenatal cigarette smoking
B. prenatal marijuana smoking
C. prenatal use of alcohol
D. they have all been linked to delinquency
E. none of the above
34. Individuals suffering from antisocial personality disorder generally show a persistent
disregard for social norms and rules.
A. True
B. False
35. Poor intelligence is a characteristic of the psychopathic personality.
A. True
B. False
36. Which of the following is not one of the early signs or indicators of psychopathy?
A. bed-wetting
B. teenage pregnancy
C. cruelty to animals
D. firesetting
E. inability to feel guilt or shame
37. Which of the following is an example of a neurosis?
A. psychosis
B. compulsive behaviors
C. schizophrenia
D. They are all neuroses
E. None of the above
38. A(n) __________ is a form of mental illness in which a person is said to be out of touch
with reality in some fundamental way.
A. psychosis
B. conditioned behavior
C. sociopath
D. neurosis
E. psychopath
39. The __________ holds that a defendant is not criminally responsible if the crime was the
product of a mental disease or defect.
A. Durham rule
B. substantial capacity test
C. irresistible-impulse test
D. Brawner rule
E. M’Naughten rule
40. The __________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions
if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that
their actions were wrong.
A. substantial capacity test
B. M'Naughten rule
C. irresistible-impulse test
D. Durham rule
E. Brawner rule
Matching: .5 points each.
A. theory P. eugenics
B. demonology Q. deviant behavior
C. somatotypes R. natural crime
D. just deserts S. antisocial personality disorder
E. positivism T. criminology
F. mala in se U. panopticon
G. Code of Hammurabi V. crime
H. criminologist W. hedonistic calculus
I. science X. atavism
J. criminal psychology Y. mala prohibita
K. criminalist Z. recidivism
L. determinate sentence AA. Enlightenment
M. pschopath BB. general deterrence
N. criminal behavior CC. neoclassical criminology
O. specific deterrence DD. psychological profiling
41. The philosophy of punishment under which criminal justice in the United States currently
operates. D
42. The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders
based on behavioral clues they provide. DD
43. An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for
which punishment is imposed upon conviction. V
44. A system of assumptions, principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or
otherwise explain the nature of behavior. A.
45. A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to
the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced. BB
46. The primary difference between the classical school of criminological thought and all other
schools of criminological thought. B
47. A study of what is considered to be the original cause of criminal behavior. R
48. The multi-disciplinary study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. The scientific study
of criminal behavior and corrections. T
49. The study of the hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding. P
50. The reappearance of a characteristic after several generations of absence, usually caused by
the chance recombination of genes. X
51. The repetition of criminal behavior. Z
52. An approach that studies human behavior through the use of traditional scientific method. E
53. One who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. H.
54. A “fixed” length of punishment. L
55. The assumption that people will automatically attempt to maximize pleasure and minimize
pain. W
56. An era of great thought and expression. AA
57. Acts that are thought to be wrong in and of themselves. Y
58. Human behavior that violates social norms. Q
59. A psychological condition exhibited by and individual who is unsocialized and whose
behavior pattern brings him or her into conflict with society. S
60. The ultimate disciplinary prison design. U
61. An individual with a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively
antisocial behavior, and who is lacking in empathy. M
62. A more contemporary version of classical criminology that emphasizes deterrence and
retribution with reduced emphasis on rehabilitation. CC
63. A specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of a crime. K
64. Acts that are wrong only because they are prohibited by law. F.
65. Physique; body type; physical build. C
66. The application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating
to law and the legal system. J
67. Garofalo’s attempt to explain what causes criminal behavior. I
68. One of the first known, written and codified, comprehensive bodies of law. G
69. A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in
repeat criminality. O
70. Intentional behavior that violates a criminal code, not by accident or having justification or
excuse. N
Short Answer/Listing: 30 points.
71. What are the three (3) “classification schemes” of theory? (Two words for each.)
general theory, Uncausal theory, and integrated theory.
72. What are five (5) “legacies” (heritage) of the classical school of criminological thought
that remain as cornerstones in criminal justice today?
73. List four (4) of Lombroso’s criminal classifications.
Atavism, criminal anthropology, born criminals, and criminaloids
74. What are Ferri’s five (5) basic scientific classifications of criminal?
Born/instinctive, insane, passional, occasional, and habitual criminals
75. List Garofalo’s four (4) criminal classifications.
The murdered, the violent criminal, the thief, and lascivious criminal
76. List Sheldon’s three (3) original “body types.”
Endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph
77. List three (3) “textbook” (PCL) characteristics of a psychopath.
Unreliability, Chronic lying, and ongoing antisocial behavior
78. What are the three (3) steps of the “scientific method?”
Problem identification, research design development, and data collection and analysis.
Short Essay: 15 points
Briefly explain the difference between the Classical School of Criminological Thought and the Positive School of Criminological Thought.
The classical school of criminological thought was a criminological perspective in the late 1700s and the early 1800s that had its roots in the enlightenment and that held that humans are rational beings, that crime is the result of the exercise of free will, and that punishment can be effective in reducing the incidence of crimes to the degree it negates the pleasure to be derived from crime commission. The classical school dealt with crime and deviance, which explains by reference to influences and spiritual short comings and is alongside other forms of human activity of other products of the exercise in free will. The positive school of criminological school presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors outside of the individuals control.
Extra Credit: 2 points each.
- What was the name of the reading club that Beccaria belonged to and what was the correct
title of his 100-page essay?
Pietro and Alessandro Verri, "the academy of fists"
“Crimes and punishments”
- What is the name of the “imaginary” family that Dugdale discovered and studied as a
“criminal” family?
Juke Family
- What population groups were the subjects of Goring’s research?
Prisoners, students at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, british soldiers, and non criminal hospital patience
- Which of Sheldon’s somatotypes is the most likely to participate in delinquency and crime?
Mesomorphs
- Which criminological school of thought is the U.S. criminal justice system and its criminal law
based in?
Classical School