Chapter 2 - Tappan's Handbook of Massage Therapy: Blending Art with Science, 6th Edition

2 History of Massage as a Vocation Learning Outcomes • Trace the history of massage related to personal care services • Describe the use of massage for athletes from ancient times to the present • Explain how massage has been used over the centuries in Western medicine • Identify aspects of today’s massage therapy that can be traced to the natural healing philosophy • Name important figures in the history of massage and describe their contributions • Discuss factors leading to the revival of massage as a popular health practice in the 1970s • Describe important developments in the massage profession in recent decades Lecture Outline I. History of a Vocation A. Meaning of vocation: The work a person has chosen to do for their livelihood, especially for which they have talent or are drawn to B. Massage has its own history 1. Practitioners in the past: servants and slaves, tribal and village healers, rubbers and masseurs, doctors and nurses, medical gymnasts, natural healers, Swedish masseuses, and 1970s bodyworkers 2. Today’s massage therapists are the latest in a line of countless massage practitioners that have gone before 3. Each generation received knowledge and skills from their predecessors and shaped the future for those who followed C. What history can tell us 1. Historical questions (e.g., Who went into the field? Where did they work?) 2. Differences and changes over the years 3. Four major branches of the history of massage as a vocation that roughly parallel today’s work settings: personal grooming and rejuvenation, fitness and sports, health care, natural healing II. Personal Grooming and Rejuvenation A. Massage part of personal care from time immemorial 1. When bathing, cleaning and cutting hair, and trimming nails, the pleasurable and rejuvenating effects of rubbing the skin were obvious 2. In dry climates people learned to rub in vegetable and mineral oil to keep skin healthy and moistened 3. Natural process for infants, the frail, and elderly B. Ancient civilizations 1. Slaves or domestic servants provided personal care services in the home 2. Practitioners learned their skills from family members or others who performed massage C. Ancient Greece 1. Friction and rubbing with oil was a daily practice 2. Alexander the Great (356–323 bce) traveled with personal attendants who rubbed him and prepared his bath 3. Other nobles of the time “used fragrant ointment . . . and carried about with them rubbers (triptai) and chamberlains” D. Ancient India 1. Indian royalty a. Rubbed their skin with staves or flat sticks (Strabo) 2. Shampooing a. From the transcript word tshampua meaning body manipulation b. Full-body experience with soapy bath, percussion and friction massage, joint cracking, and applying scented oils or perfume c. It was said to give “ineffable happiness and energy” and “the Indian ladies seldom pass a day without being thus shampooed by their slaves” E. Chinese barbers c. 1800 [Show Figure 2-1: Chinese barber performing percussion on a seated patron in China in the 1790s] 1. Barbers set up shop in markets and parks offering grooming services and a type of bodywork 2. Patrons sat on stools while barbers cut hair, shaved or trimmed beards, cut nails, cleaned ears, or gave a percussive type of massage F. Blind masseurs of Japan [Show Figure 2-2: Blind Japanese masseur or ammashi, c. 1900] 1. Called “ammashi” in Japan; amma (traditional Japanese massage) and shi (practitioner) 2. In 1800s, the occupation of ammashi was set aside for blind persons as a welfare measure 3. By the 1940s, about 90 percent of ammashi in Japan were blind; found mostly in rural districts after World War II G. Public baths 1. Description: community centers for personal hygiene, grooming services, pleasure and rejuvenation, and social interaction 2. Facilities include hot and cold pools, individual tubs, tubs, steam rooms, sauna, whirlpool baths 3. The Roman bath was the prototype public bath in Western civilization 4. After the fall of the Roman Empire, public baths remained popular in Medieval Europe until the sixteenth century, when the spread of disease and promiscuous behavior at the baths made common bathing undesirable [Show Figure 2-3: A Roman bath] 5. Turkish bath, also called hammam a. Popular in the Middle East and came to Europe by the 1800s b. Personal services: bathing, haircut, shave c. Vigorous form of bodywork given by a practitioner called a telltack: gripping and pressing muscles, stretching, joint cracking d. Telltack would have learned his trade by informal apprenticeship and had practical knowledge of anatomy needed e. Turkish bath was popular in Europe and North America through the 1950s and is still found in the Middle East and larger cities throughout the world 6. Chinese bath house a. Similar tradition as baths found elsewhere in the world b. Personal services: hot baths and showers, resting cots, music, hair and nails trimmed, board games, tea drinking, percussion massage, joint alignment 7. Bath attendants a. Occupational designation of bath attendant comes from ancient traditions of servants or attendants giving a rubdown, or rubbing in scented oils, after a bath b. Low-skilled friction massage, not highly skilled massage found in healing practices c. Misleadingly equated with massage therapists in U.S. government occupational codes until the 1980s [Show Figure 2-4: Bath attendants, c. 1890] H. Salons and spas 1. Beauty culture was the term for the art and science of grooming women’s hair and nails, applying makeup or cosmetics, and other beauty treatments to enhance appearance; early 1900s 2. Massage for rejuvenation, reducing weight, and bust development were part of beauty culture in the early 1900s 3. Upscale salons were found in large urban areas, and beauty parlors and beauty shops dotted neighborhoods and small towns 4. Beauticians, also known as cosmetologists, performed superficial massage during shampooing hair, as part of a facial, during manicure, and during pedicure a. First licenses for beauticians and barbers in the United States appeared around 1900 b. Massage limited in scope of practice 5. Graduate masseuses, also called Swedish masseuses, performed full-body massage in salons for relaxation and rejuvenation a. Many trained in schools of Swedish massage b. Training included anatomy, physiology, dietetics, hydrotherapy, light therapy, electrotherapy, and massage (College of Swedish Massage Catalog, Chicago, c. 1939) 6. Reducing salons in the United States in 1920s–1940s a. Swedish masseuses performed reducing massage, erroneously thought to help women slim down b. Other services offered: nutritional advice, exercise, steam room and steam cabinets c. Bust massage advertised as developing “firmness and plumpness of the bust” 7. Career as Swedish masseuse in early 20th century [Show Figure 2-5: Swedish masseuse, c. 1935] a. Titles: Swedish masseuse, massage technician, massage operator b. Many had private practices in 1930s–1940s c. Formed associations like the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses in 1943 8. Careers as massage therapists in salons and spas today are thriving [Present Box 2-1: Personal Grooming and Rejuvenation Timeline] III. Sports and Fitness A. Beginnings in ancient Greek gymnasium 1. Ancient Greek gymnasium, where freeborn citizens went to train their bodies and minds 2. Athletes rubbed with oil by aleiptes before and after exercises 3. Apotherapeipa was last part of exercises for recovery; included bathing, friction, and inunction or applying oil 4. Paidotribes were trainers who served as coach, nutritionist, masseur, physiotherapist, and hygienist a. Many were former athletes who learned through practice and from other paidotribes b. Were also exposed to theories of health and healing and some knowledge of Greek medicine B. Rubbers and athletic masseurs 1. Rubdown was a mainstay of amateur sports in eighteenth to nineteenth centuries a. Performed by trainers and specialists called rubbers 1) Unschooled massage practitioners 2) Might have been athletes and have a knack for “rubbing” b. Quote from 1914: “If the runner has the services of a trainer and a rubber he will be properly cared for” 2. YMCA and bath attendants a. Bath attendant in facility with pools, showers, and steam rooms might also be skilled in rubdown-style massage b. Quote from 1902: “In all cases vigorous rubbing should follow the use of water; a bath attendant who knows something about massage is invaluable, for how to rubdown a man or a horse is an art” 3. Trainers in early twentieth century were multitalented [Show Figure 2-6: Harry Andrews, trainer and masseur c. 1910] a. Helped athletes with sports skills, conditioning, motivation, and injury rehabilitation b. Many had been athletes themselves and were drawn to training or had “good hands” and became masseurs c. Athletic masseurs were self-taught or apprenticed, and they picked up knowledge of anatomy informally around the gym d. Example from early 1900s is Harry Andrews 4. Athletic masseurs in mid-twentieth century a. May have been trained in college in physical education departments and learned basic sciences and care of sports injuries b. In 1930s–1940s may have been a graduate of college of Swedish massage 5. Profession of “athletic trainer” developed in universities in latter twentieth century a. National Athletic Training Association (NATA) formed in 1950 b. Athletic trainers later patterned their profession on the developing field of physical therapy and focus on injury prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation c. Largely dropped massage as conditioning and recovery modality 6. In the 1950s–1960s the old skills of athletic masseurs were largely lost to college and professional athletes in the United States, but not in Europe, where the tradition continued 7. In the 1970s in the United States, athletic massage was renamed “sports massage” and revived in the emerging profession of massage therapy C. Health service operators and expert masseuses 1. First half of twentieth century, masseurs and masseuses a. Worked in athletic clubs, private gymnasia, and YMCA providing massage to health and fitness buffs b. By 1915, a rubdown by a bath attendant was an established part of the YMCA routine 2. Commercial health clubs for office workers and businessmen in cities offered exercise and massage [Show Figure 2-7: Masseurs and trainers from the Postl health club in Chicago] a. Postl health club in Chicago in 1917 b. Postl ad featured photo of trainers and masseurs who have “adequate experience and know the laws of health through long service with us” 3. Burke’s gymnasium in San Francisco in 1932 a. Offered graded classes for women and children, handball and tennis courts, and acrobatics for girls b. Had a ladies’ Turkish bath with cabinet baths, blanket sweats, hot room, and steam room c. Offered a course of baths and reducing treatments (including massage) d. Run by “expert masseuses” 4. YMCA Health Service Department a. Described by Frierwood in 1953: “The technician uses massage, baths (shower, steam, electricity cabinet), ultraviolet radiation (artificial and natural sunlight), infrared (heat), instruction in relaxation and in some cases directed exercises” b. “The adult members secure a relief from tensions, gain a sense of well-being, give attention to personal fitness and develop habits designed to build and maintain optimum health and physical efficiency throughout the lifespan” c. Health service operators 1) Trained in natural health and healing including massage 2) Focused on health, fitness, and general well-being 3) Trained in YMCA colleges in physical education departments and in colleges of Swedish massage 4) Dayton, Ohio, YMCA established a School of Health Service and Massage in 1937 5) Health Service Operators Society formed in 1942 “to combat the abuses of commercial bath houses and the unethical conduct of ‘cure-all’ agents in the health field” (1953) 5. Health clubs today have adopted the model format of exercise, hydrotherapy, and massage that dates back to the ancient Greek gymnasium [Present Box 2-2: Sports and Fitness Timeline] IV. Health Care A. Overview 1. In its broadest sense, health care encompasses all the arts and sciences of healing 2. Rubbing, friction, and soft tissue manipulation have been part of health care across time and place 3. Primitive cultures a. Massage performed by shaman and traditional healers, as well as family members b. Often the domain of women 4. Example: Captain James Cook in Tahiti in the 1770s a. Received massage from women for rheumatic pain b. Quote: “I was desired to lay down in the midst of them, then as many as could get around me began to squeeze me with both hands from head to foot, but more especially the parts where the pain was, till they made my bones crack and a perfect mummy of my flesh. . . . I found immediate relief from the operation” c. Massage performed as part of everyday family care skills 5. Example: Sobardoras are traditional Hispanic healers specializing in massage a. Trained by apprenticeship in the tradition of curanderas b. Believe that they are called to the work and given the “gift” of healing c. Serves as their occupation in the community B. Western medicine 1. Began in ancient Greece a. Hippocrates (450–377 bce) 1) A shift away from magic, ritual, and superstition in healing practices 2) Emphasized observation, logic, diagnosis and treatment, and relationship with the patient 3) Greek physician observed symptoms, related symptoms to the internal and external environment, and prescribed therapy in accordance with nature as he understood it 4) Used rubbing and frictions: “The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly also in rubbing; for things that have the same name have not the same effects. For rubbing can bind a joint that is too loose, and loosen a joint that is too rigid. Hard rubbing binds; soft rubbing loosens; much rubbing causes parts to waste; moderate rubbing causes them to grow” (Hippocrates quoted in Graham 1902) b. Triptai was the ancient Greek name for rubbing specialists 1) Anatriptic art was the name of massage and bodywork 2) Anatriptic means to “rub up” or toward the body’s center c. Examples of massage applications from ancient Greece and Rome 1) “Rub the shoulder gently and smoothly” after resetting a dislocated shoulder (Hippocratic writings, c. 450 bce) 2) Stroke “the chest with a gentle hand” for a cough, and use “soft and long continued rubbing of the affected part” for a spasm (Celsus c. 50 ce) 3) “One should first rub quietly, and afterwards gradually increasing it, push the strength of the friction so far as evidently to compress the flesh but not to bruise it” (Galen c. 200 ce) 2. Western “medical rubbing” tradition in Europe began to emerge in eighteenth to nineteenth centuries; by the late 1800s, medical rubbing had evolved into a budding profession for trained masseuses and masseurs [Show Figure 2-8: Dr. J. B. Zabludowski of Berlin, Germany, performs massage of the ankle, c. 1910] C. Trained masseuses 1. About a century ago, the word massage replaced medical rubbing to describe the treatment of illness and injury with soft tissue manipulation 2. Massage was popularized by Johann Mezger of Amsterdam; older terms like massotherapy and manual therapeutics did not last 3. Johann Mezger (1838–1909) a. Developed the system of soft tissue manipulation most used today in Swedish massage b. Technique categories: effleurage, petrissage, tapotement, friction c. Called practitioners masseuses and masseurs d. Places where massage was given were called parlors or salons e. Mezger’s massage became popular throughout Europe and North America 4. Some massage done originally by physicians, but later assigned to assistants a. Some nurses’ training included massage b. Some called “manipulators” c. Quote: manipulators should have “a natural tact, talent, and liking for massage, with soft elastic, and strong hands and physical endurance sufficient to use them, together with abundance of time, patience, and skill acquired by long and intelligent experience” (Graham, 1902) 5. Masseuses’ training and professionalism a. Took courses of study in private schools and hospital programs b. Typical curriculum in 1909: anatomy, massage techniques, general massage, vibration treatment, Schott treatment for heart disease, Weir-Mitchell treatment for neurasthenia, and the Swedish system of medical gymnastics c. Quote: Weir Mitchell, who developed the Rest cure, valued the observations of “practiced manipulators” and found that “their daily familiarity with every detail of the color and firmness of the tissues is often of great use to me” (1877) d. A level of professionalism was expected and explained in Hints to Masseuses by Mary Anna Ellison’s A Manual for Students of M\assage (1909) [Show Figure 2-9: Hints for Masseuses, c. 1909] e. The Society of Trained Masseuses was formed in England in 1894 to raise professional standards for massage therapists working in medical settings [Present Critical Thinking exercise, p. 34] 6. A decline in use of massage in medical settings occurred in the mid-1900s a. Massage became a minor modality in the developing fields of nursing and physical therapy b. Occupation of masseuse and masseur never rose to the level of a profession within mainstream medicine in the United States c. Massage specialists were relegated to natural or alternative healing settings. Although massage has a long tradition as a healing agent, it is considered “alternative” in today’s health care system D. Medical gymnasts 1. A separate tradition of bodywork arose in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries and was known variously as medical gymnastics, mechanotherapy, and physical therapeutics a. Treatment of diseases through movement, including active and passive exercises b. Nineteenth century, Medical Gymnastics of Pehr Henrik Ling of Sweden, c. 1830 2. Pehr Henrik Ling (1776–1839) of Sweden a. Developed systems of military, educational, and medical gymnastics b. Based his theories on knowledge of anatomy and physiology as he understood them and so is credited with putting the practice on a rational or scientific basis c. Considered the “father” of their professions by physical educators, physical therapists, and massage therapists d. Medical gymnastics 1) Considered “alternative” for treating chronic diseases 2) Medical gymnasts were considered primary care practitioners before advent of medical licensing in the United States e. Founded a school in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1813 to train medical gymnasts—the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute f. Curriculum included anatomy, physiology, pathology, hygiene, diagnosis, principles of treatment by movement, use of exercises for general and local development 3. Ling’s system taken all over the world in latter 1800s Example: George Taylor’s Swedish Cure Institute in New York, c. 1850s [Show Figure 2-10: Medical gymnasts assist patient in performing movements, 1909] 4. In late 1800s, medical gymnastics combined with Mezger’s massage to form what we know today as Swedish massage 5. Physical therapy developed as a profession in the twentieth century a. Reconstruction aides used massage and Swedish gymnastics to treat soldiers wounded in World War I [Show Figure 2-11: A corner of the general massage section of an army hospital] b. American Women’s Therapeutic Association founded in 1921; changed to American Physical Therapy Association in 1940 c. Licensing for physical therapists in the 1940s–1950s created a separate profession d. As licensing came into being, those trained in massage and Swedish gymnastics (Swedish massage) who wanted to work in medical settings were “grandfathered” in as licensed physical therapists 6. Those who did not want to work in mainstream medicine remained unlicensed and maintained a more natural healing or “alternative” identity [Present Box 2-3: Health Care Timeline] V. Natural Healing and Drugless Doctors A. Overview 1. Natural healing movement began in the late 1800s 2. Rejected the allopathic methods of drugs and surgery 3. Embraced more “natural” remedies or methods of healing 4. Practitioners called “drugless doctors”; predecessors to today’s naturopathic physicians 5. Therapies included: medicinal herbs, mineral water, hydrotherapy, colonic irrigation, therapeutic massage and movement, hypnosis, meditation, electrotherapy 6. Advocated healthy practices such as rest, exercise, good nutrition, deep breathing of fresh air, sunbathing, singing, and laughter 7. Fundamental belief in innate healing power of nature 8. Practitioner’s job is to facilitate the natural healing process and to avoid “heroic” or invasive methods 9. Preventing illness and promoting healthy natural living are basic to the philosophy 10. Precursor to today’s wellness movement 11. Naturopaths began to organize in 1902 with the founding of the Naturopathic Society of America; reorganized as the American Naturopathic Association in 1919 12. Naturopathic physicians are licensed in 14 of the 50 states B. Massage operators and physcultopathists 1. Quote from Dr. P. Puderbach, Director of the Brooklyn School for Massage and Physiotherapy (1925): massage “has taken its rank as the equal of other sanative methods, and thus we see in massage that is applied correctly by experienced hands, a powerful means for the rejuvenation of mankind, the beautification of the human body, the alleviation of innumerable weaknesses, and the cure of many diseases that have been the curse of humanity” [Show Figure 2-12: Masseuse performs massage of the shoulder under heat lamp, c. 1925] 2. Nature cure resorts were established in rural areas a. Example: Yungborn in Butler, New Jersey, by Benedict Lust (1872–1945), established in 1896 1) Billed as the “parent institution of naturopathy in America” 2) Treatments included massage, Swedish movements, and mechanotherapy b. Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan 1) Run by J. Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943) a) Known for cereals b) Wrote the book The Art of Massage in 1895 2) Employed 10 to 20 masseurs and masseuses at the “San” 3. Kellogg’s The Art of Massage: Its Physiological Effects and Therapeutic Applications (1895) a. Numbered descriptions of different massage applications for physicians to prescribe, but altered by experienced masseurs and masseuses as needed for best results b. Makes reference to Ling’s work, saying that “it is rare that the most perfect results can be obtained without supplementing the treatment by massage with a judiciously conducted course of gymnastics” c. Suggests that every masseuse and masseur should study Ling’s medical gymnastics 4. Popular version of natural healing in the United States called physical culture a. Promoted by Bernarr Macfadden (1868–1955) b. Macfadden opened physical culture resorts c. Macfadden opened the Physical Culture Training School in Chicago that graduated “doctors” of hydrotherapy, kinesitherapy, and physcultopathists (who were essentially medical gymnasts trained in Macfadden’s school) d. Early example of entrepreneurial enterprise in massage therapy training 5. Today’s massage therapy profession is a direct outgrowth of this natural healing tradition a. Evident in attraction of massage therapists to natural healing methods b. Evident in the adoption of the wellness perspective c. Evident in identity as an alternative or CAM therapy d. Seen in differences in philosophy and mistrust of mainstream medicine e. Seen in support for freedom of choice in medical treatment f. All the preceding stem from history related to natural healing movement 6. Important to understand the connection to the natural healing tradition as massage therapists try to maintain their integrity in integrative health care settings [Present Box 2-4: Natural Healing Timeline] VI. Massage Therapy Revived in the United States A. The 1950s were a dark time for massage therapy in the United States 1. Physical therapists and athletic trainers were developing their own professions and being educated in colleges and universities 2. Massage therapists were largely unregulated, and old colleges of Swedish massage were shutting down 3. Mainstream Americans considered natural healing the province of “health nuts” or akin to quackery 4. Massage was being blatantly used as a cover for prostitution; “massage parlor” had permanently become associated with houses of ill repute 5. Current use of the term “masseuse” [Review Reality Check, p. 38] B. Natural healing and massage go underground in the 1950s 1. Therapeutic massage was kept alive by natural healers working out of their homes, in private practice, and at the YMCA 2. Only organized presence was the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses organized in 1943; changed to American Massage & Therapy Association in 1958; locus of revival of massage profession in the 1980s C. 1960s–1970s saw several events that led to revival of massage in the United States 1. Human Potential Movement, which popularized massage and bodywork in the quest for the outer limits of human potential a. Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, was a center for the movement b. Forms of bodywork introduced at Esalen include Rolfing®, Trager® Approach, Feldenkrais Method®, and others c. Esalen massage was created to awaken senses 1) Associated with soft music, scented oils, candles, minimal or no draping, and long, flowing strokes 2) Adopted as a tool for personal growth and learned in meditation and personal growth centers 2. Counterculture or “hippie” movement a. Some hippies learned Esalen massage for personal growth b. Later wanted to perform massage for a livelihood c. Recognized the potential of massage for healing mind and body d. Some joined natural healers in groups like AM&TA 1) Gave the profession an influx of people and energy 2) Compatible outlook with natural healers 3. Other factors that led to a revival of massage in the 1970s a. General interest in Eastern philosophies and health practices 1) India, China, and Japan 2) Yogis founded ashrams that taught Ayurvedic health practices, including massage 3) Interest in Chinese medicine including acupuncture, acupressure, and tuina b. Fitness craze called “aerobics” spurred interest in jogging and running; revived interest in sports massage c. Wellness movement gained ground in field of health and physical education; emphasized holistic approach for body, mind, and spirit 4. All preceding factors taken together led to increased interest in massage therapy a. Increase in consumers of massage therapy b. Increased need for vocational schools to train massage practitioners; began to appear in 1980s c. Increased number of massage and bodywork practitioners d. Increased public expectation of professionalism [Present Box 2-5: Modern Massage Therapy Timeline] VII. Massage Therapists and Bodyworkers A. Formation of today’s massage therapy profession—1970 to 2007 1. 1970s a. Massage therapy was largely unregulated, entrepreneurial, and alternative b. Many who became massage therapists in the 1970s were looking for an alternative to corporate, overregulated fields and were drawn to the independent, nonstandardized field of massage and bodywork c. Massage was still tainted with association with prostitution, so the term “massage therapy” was adopted for the field as a whole [Show Figure 2-13: Massage therapist, c. 1985] 2. Terms a. Massage therapy began to be used to describe the field as a whole b. The term bodywork was coined to distinguish traditional Swedish massage from other forms of manual therapy c. Organizations use various forms of the terms massage and bodywork 1) American Massage Therapy Association 2) Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals 3) National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork d. Somatic therapy is a less-used term for the field as a whole 3. Evidence of growth of the profession in last few decades is the steady increase in membership in professional organizations 4. Professional challenges in the last decades of the twentieth century a. Regaining the respect and trust of the general public b. Gaining acceptance by the health care community c. Establishing educational and competency standards d. Raising level of professionalism of practitioners e. Clearly defining ethical standards of practice; for example, draping and the therapeutic relationship 5. Benchmarks of a profession achieved in latter twentieth century a. National certification exam created in 1990s b. Massage Therapy Foundation incorporated to fund research, education, and outreach in 1990s c. Office of Alternative Medicine established at the U.S. National Institutes of Health d. Commission on Massage Therapy Education received U.S. Department of Education recognition in 2002 e. The number of states licensing massage therapists has grown from about 6 in 1985 to 44 plus the District of Columbia in 2014 6. Historical background for current issues [Present Case for Study: Alex and Researching Historical Background for a Legislative Issue, p. 40] B. Unified profession 1. Trend in the early twenty-first century is a more unified profession of massage therapy with common ground in education standards, licensing requirements, and national certification 2. Many past image problems resolved with creation of recognized credentials for legitimate practitioners, and strengthening of codes of ethics and standards of practice 3. More massage therapists entering the field through programs that meet accreditation and licensing requirements rather than through trademarked systems 4. Many techniques and approaches that were originally trademarked are now absorbed into massage therapy in generic form (e.g., trigger point and myofascial therapy, and acupressure) 5. Current discussion of splitting the field into levels or tiers 6. Strategy to maintain unity a. Hold fast to the wellness model and embrace the whole scope of the field as depicted in the Wellness Massage Pyramid b. Adopt common entry-level standards, and have those working in specialty areas get advanced or special training as needed VIII. Find and display artifacts of massage history for office decoration and as conversation pieces [Assign Practical Application, p. 29] video History of Massage (MyHealthProfessionsLab.com) Discussion Topics • Make a list of words used in the history of massage that are not commonly used today. Discuss their meaning in the context of the times; for example, masseuse, masseur, massage parlor, mechanotherapy, medical gymnastics, hygiene, and sanitarium. • Discuss some of the current issues in the massage therapy profession in the light of its history; for example, the diversity of the field, the development of ethical standards, and the increase in state licensing. • Talk about the history of the school or program that the students are currently enrolled in. When was the school founded or program started? In what period of the history of massage was that? What changes have the veteran teachers seen over the years? • Discuss the history of regulation in the state or local area. When was state licensing for massage therapists enacted? Are there local laws that regulate massage establishments? When and why were they created? Learning by Doing • Students interview their parents and grandparents about their experiences of massage therapy through the years. What is their earliest recollection of massage or massage therapy? Did they ever receive massage? How has the image of massage changed in their lifetimes? • Arrange a visit to a local spa, YMCA, Turkish bath, or other facility with historical significance for massage therapy. Talk to someone connected to the facility about the history of the building and how things have changed over the years. Speakers and Panels • Invite one or more massage therapists who have been in practice over 15 years to talk to the class. Ask them to talk about their education, how the profession has changed over the years from their perspective, and what they see for the future. Visual/Auditory/Kinesthetic Aids • On a world map, point out where different traditions of massage have come from. Discuss the eclectic nature of today’s massage therapy in the United States. • Draw a timeline on a whiteboard to trace the major developments in the history of massage therapy. Follow each of the four major branches of massage history: personal care, sports and fitness, health care, and natural healing. • Show a photo from the history of massage therapy. Have students comment on the setting, what the massage therapist is wearing, equipment, draping, massage techniques and body mechanics, and other factors of interest. Have students discuss what the photo tells them about the time period. • Show advertising for massage from old newspapers or magazines. Have students analyze the details and guess the time period of the ad. What does the ad tell us about the time period? • Show a scene from a movie that depicts massage in a different time period. Did the scene seem realistic? What was accurate or inaccurate about it? What does it tell you about the perception of massage at the time the movie was made? CROSSWORD PUZZLE: HISTORY OF MASSAGE Directions: Fill in the crossword puzzle with the words missing from the sentences below. Match the number of the sentence to the boxes placed across or down the grid. If filled out correctly, the words will fit neatly into the puzzle. Across 4. An early term for massage was medical _______. 6. Programs offered by hospitals that are designed to teach good health habits and illness prevention measures have their roots in the _______ movement. 9. Hispanic healers who combine folk traditions from Spain and Mexico with Native American remedies are called _______. 10. The focus of _______ massage is more about making connections with the inner self and others, rather than massage technique. Down 1. Massage as practiced by the _______ of New Zealand is called romi-romi. 2. A(An) _______ has been a part of sports and fitness since the 1800s. 3. _______ massage was most popular from 1920 to 1950. 5. In ancient Athens and Sparta, free men and youths went to _______ to participate in wrestling, boxing, running, and other exercises. 7. Today, you can still find _______ baths in many major cities around the world. 8. Practitioners who rejected allopathic methods of drugs and surgery in favor of natural remedies were proponents of natural _______. WORD SEARCH: HISTORY OF MASSAGE Directions: Find the words missing from the sentences below in the block of letters, and circle each word found. Words may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. Words may read from left to right, right to left, top to bottom, or bottom to top. 1. Curanderas who specialize in massage and often use herbal remedies are known as _____. 2. Many of today’s forms of massage and bodywork have roots in _____ practices. 3. Life energy is called _____ in traditional Chinese medicine. 4. _____ means “the Chinese way” and refers to Chinese medical philosophies that were assimilated by the Japanese. 5. Energy centers in Ayurvedic theory are called _____. 6. In the 1950s, the use of the term massage _____ as a cover for prostitution tarnished the professional image of massage as a legitimate practice. 7. TRI was the first center in the world devoted to basic and applied research in the use of _____ in human health and development. 8. Ling and _____ are considered influential figures in the development of modern Western massage. 9. A female practitioner of Swedish massage was known as a _____. 10. An early natural healing resort called The Battle Creek Sanitarium was started by John Harvey _____.